CNS, PNS, Nerves & Brain

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The cranial nerves are part of the ________ nervous system:

Peripheral

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There are a total of ____ cranial nerves:

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CNI=

Olfactory nerve

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CNII=

Optice nerve

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CNIII=

Oculomotor

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CNIV=

Trochlear nerve

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CNV=

Trigeminal

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CNVI=

Abducens

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CNVII=

Facial nerve

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CNVIII=

Vestibulocochlear

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CNIX=

Glossopharnygeal

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CNX=

Vagus nerve

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CNXI=

Accessory nerve

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CNXII=

Hypoglossal

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__________ nerve provides sensory from anterior scalp, face, oral cavity and controls muscles of mastication:

Trigeminal

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_________ is the lateral rectus eye muscle:

Abducens

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__________ is comprised of 4 extrinsic eye muscles, elevates eyelids, constricts pupils, round lens of eye:

Oculomotor

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_________ is the superior oblique eye muscle:

Trochlear nerve

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_________ is associated with taste in anterior tongue, muscles of facial expression, gland secretions from lacrimal, submandibular, and salivary glands:

Facial nerve

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_________ nerve is associated with hearing and equilibrium:

Vestibulocochlear

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_________ is associated with sensory and taste to the posterior tongue, sensory to portion of pharnyx, secretions from parotid salivary gland:

Glossopharnygeal

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_________ nerve is associated with visceral sensory from heart, lungs and abdominal organs, general sensory for part of pharynx & larynx, most pharyngeal and all laryngeal muscles, smooth muscles of heart, lungs, larynx, most abd organs:

Vagus nerve

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_________ nerve is associated with the trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscle:

Accessory nerve

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_________ is associated with intrinsic and extrinsictongue muscles:

Hypoglossal

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The nervous system controls and interprets ______:

Sensations and muscle movements

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_________ is the body's primary communication and control center:

The nervous system

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_________ integrates and controls body functions:

Nervous system

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_______ utilizes electrical activity to transmit messages along specialized cells:

Nervous system

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___________ __________ collects information, processes and evaluates info, initiates response to info:

Nervous system

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Specialized nervous structures that collect info:

Receptors

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changes to internal or external environment:

Stimuli

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_____ is the anatomic division of the nervous system, inc. the brain & spinal cord:

CNS

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_____ inc. nerves and ganglia:

PNS

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_______ are bundles of neuron processes:

Nerves

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_____ are clusters of neuron cell bodies:

Ganglia

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The sensory nervous system isalso known as ________:

Afferent nervous system

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The sensory nervous system is further divided into _________ and __________ sensory:

Somatic & visceral

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___________ is responsible for receiving sensory info from receptors and transmitting info to the CNS:

Sensory nervous system

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_________ is also known as the efferent nervous system:

Motor nervous system

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The motor nervous system is divided further into _____ and ________ parts:

Somatic & visceral

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__________ initiates and transmits motor output from CNS and transmits info to the effectors:

Motor nervous system

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________ are the basic structural unit of the nervous system:

Neurons

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________ are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals:

Neurons

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________ are non excitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons:

Glial cells

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Special characteristics of neurons include:

Excitability, conductivity, secretion, extreme longevity, amitotic

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List the three components of neurons:

Cell body, dendrites, axons

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The cell body of neurons contains _______ surrounding the nucleus:

Cytoplasm

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The component responsible for conducting electrical signals to axons:

Cell body

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_______ are short processes branching off the cell body of neurons:

Dendrites

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________ receive input and transfer it to the cell body of a neuron:

Dendrites

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______ are longer processes emanating from the cell body of a neuron:

Axons

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The triangular region of an axon is called ____:

axon hillock

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Cytoplasm in the axon is termed:

axoplasm

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Plasma membrane of an axon is termed:

axolemma

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side branches of an axon are termed:

axon collaterals

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Antegrade transportation of an axon provides movement from _____ to _______:

Cell body to synaptic knobs

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Retrograde transportation of the axon provides movement from ______ to _______:

Synaptic knob to Cell body

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Sensory neurons are also called _______:

Afferent neurons

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Sensory neurons conduct input ______ somatic and visceral receptors:

From

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Most sensory neurons have _____ polar characteristics:

Unipolar and few bipolar

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The cell body of sensory neurons are located in the ________, outside the CNS:

Posterior root ganglia

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Motor neurons are also called:

Efferent neurons

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Motor neurons conduct motor output ____ somatic and visceral effectors:

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Motor neurons typically have ______ polar characteristics:

Multipolar

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The cell bodies of motor neurons are most commonly located in the _____:

CNS

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_______ are also called association neurons and are contained entirely within the CNS:

Interneurons

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_______ are responsible for "deciding" how to respond to stimuli:

Interneurons

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Interneurons facilitate communication between ______ and _________:

sensory & motor neurons

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_______ is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons:

Nerve

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The __________ is a thick layer of connective tissue, that encloses the entire nerve to provide protection and support:

Epineurium

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The ________ is a layer of connective tissue that wraps bundles of axons, fasicles to support blood vessels in the neuron:

Perineurium

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The ________ is a delicate layer of connective tissue (areolar) that separates and insulates each axon, it also contains capillaries to supply the axon:

Endoneurium

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Types of nerves considered in the structural classification are:

Spinal & Cranial

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Types of nerves in the functional classifiaction include:

Sensory, Motor, Mixed

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Sensory nerves contain only _______ nerves:

Sensory

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Motor nerves contain _________ ________ neurons:

Primarily motor

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List the two types of synapse:

Chemical & electrical

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________ where neuron functionally connects to another neuron or an effector:

Synapse

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The most common type of synapse is ________:

Chemical

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In chemical synapse pre-synaptic neuron is the ______:

Signal producer

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In chemical synapse the post-synaptic neuron is the ______:

Signal receiver

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A narrow fluid filled gap at the synaptic knob is termed:

Synaptic cleft

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The process of _______ works as follows Neurotransmitter molecules released from synaptic knob, then released from synatpic vesicles into cleft, diffusion of neurotransmitter across cleft, binding of NT to receptors:

Transmission at chemical synapse

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The least common type of synapse:

Electrical

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In ________ synapse the pre- & postsynaptic neurons physically bound together:

Electrical

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Gap junctions are present in _______ synapse:

Electrical

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Electrical synapse occurs in what two locations:

Brain & eye

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Resting= Threshold=

-70 mV -55 mV

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Glial cells are also known as _____:

Neuroglia

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________ are non excitable cells found in CNS & PNS, smaller than neurons, capable of mitosis, outnumber neurons, protect and nourish neurons, critical for normal function at neural synapses:

Glial cells

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List the 4 types of glial cells located in the CNS:

Astrocytes Ependymal Microglia Oligodenrocytes

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_______ are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS:

Astrocytes

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Astrocytes help form _______:

The blood-brain barrier

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_______ strictly controls substances entering brain tissue from blood, protects neurons from toxins, allows nutrients to pass:

Astrocytes

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________ cells line the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord, form choroid plexus with nearby blood cappilaries:

Ependymal

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________ cells are either ciliated simple cuboidal or aimple columnar epithelial cells, slender process with extensive branching

Ependymal

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The cilia helps circulate what substance in CNS:

CSF

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______ are small cells with slender branches, represent the smallest # of CNS glial cells, phagocytic cells of immune system, engulf infectious agents and remove debris from dead or damaged tissue:

Microglia

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________ are large cells with slender extensions that processes ensheathing portions of axons of different neurons:

Oligodendrocytes

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_________ processes repeatedly wrap around, insulating axons in a myelin sheath: axon:

Oligodendrocytes

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A _________ ________ allows for faster action potential propogation through CNS:

Myelin sheath or oligodendrocytpes

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List the types of glial cells in PNS:

Satellite Neurolemmocytes

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________ cells are arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion and physically separat cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding fluid

Satellite cells

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_________ cells regulate exchange of nutrients and waste products in the PNS:

Satellite cells

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Neurolemmocytes are also known as ______:

Schwann cells

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__________ ensheath PNS cells to form myelin sheath:

Neurolemmocytes or schwann cells

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_________ is a process where part of an axon is enclosed or wrapped in myelin:

Myelination

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_______ insulating cover around axon, gives glossy appearance and insulates axon, repeating layers of glial cell plasma membrane, high proportion of lipids

Myelin

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Myelin is completed by _________ in the PNS and _______ in the CNS:

Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes Oligodendrocytes

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Layers of the plasma membrane form the ______ ________:

Myelin sheath

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During myelination, __________ is when cytoplasm and the nucleus are pushed to the periphery:

Neurilemma

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________ cells in the PNS can only mylinate 1 mm of single axon, take many to myelinate entire axon:

Schwann cells

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Gaps between neurolemmacytes are called _______:

Neurofibril nodes or Nodes of Ranvier

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________ cells in the CNS can myelinate 1 mm of many axons, provide extensive wrapping around axons, no neurolemma form, neurofibril nodes are located between adjacent "Wraps":

Oligodendrocytes

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What are the factors influencing velocity of nerve signal:

Diameter of axon Myelination of axon

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The larger the diameter of the axon the _______ the velocity of the signal:

faster

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The most important factor determining the velocity of the signal is __________:

Myelination

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________ occurs in unmyleinated axons and causes sequential opeining of voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels:

Continuous conduction

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__________ conduction occurs in myelinated axons:

Saltatory conduction

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________ conduction has action potential propagated only at neurofibril nodes:

Saltatory

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How many known neurtransmitter exist:

100

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_______ are small organic compounds:

Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters are released at the ________:

Synaptic knob

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________ is an excitatory and inhibitory transmitter released in both CNS & PNS:

Acetylcholine

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________ are building blocks of proteins, some are also neurotransmitters, ex: glutamine, glycine and aspartate:

Amino acids

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__________ are derived from certain amino acids, carboxyl group removed and functional group added, inc. subgroup catecholamines, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine:

Monoamines

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_______ are chains of amino acids, ex somatostatin:

Neuropeptides

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Breakdown of ACh by acetlcholinesterase is an example of _________:

degradation

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________ is when neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by transport protein in presynaptic neurons:

Reuptake

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The brain is composed of 4 major regions, what are they:

Diencephalon brainstem cerebellum cerebrum

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The cerebrum is divided into ____ hemispheres and further divided into ____ lobes:

2, 5

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_____ are folds in the outer surface of the brain:

Gyri

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________ are shallow depressions in the outer brain:

Sulci

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_________ are deep grooves in the outer brain:

Fissures

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Rostral= _________ Caudal=

Anterior Posterior

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At ___ weeks gestation the neural tube develops:

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The ___ and _____ vesicles further divide forming ____ secondary brain vesicles in a precess called encephalization:

1,3,5

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The forbrain is also called ________:

Prosencephalon

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The midbrain is also known as ________:

Mesencephalon

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The hindbrain is also known as _________:

Rhombencephalon

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List the 5 secondary brain vesicles during fetal development:

Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

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The telencephalon becomes ______ in the adult brain:

Cerebrum

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The diencephalon becomes ________ in the adult brain:

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epitalamus

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The mesencephalon becomes the ______ in adults:

Midbrain

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The metencephalon becomes what part of the adult brain:

Pons & Cerebellum

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The myelencephalon becomes what part of the adult brain:

Medulla oblongata

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What are the 2 tissue areas of the brain:

White & gray metter

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________ gets it color from motor and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons:

Gray metter

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_________ gets its color from myelin on axons:

White matter

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The superficial region of gray metter is termed ________:

Cerebral cortex

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Clusters of gray matter within white matter, Clusters of neuron cell bodies in neural matter is termed _____:

Cerebral nuclei

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_______ provides rigid support to protect the brain:

Cranium

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_______ surround and partition the brain:

Meninges

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______ cushions the brain:

CSF

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_______ prevents entry of harmful materials:

Blood-brain barrier

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The 3 connective tissue layer that compose the meninges are:

Pia mater arachnoid mater duramater

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The _________ separate and support soft tissue of brain, enclose and protect the blood vessels supplying the brain and contain and circulate CSF:

Cranial meninges

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________ is the innermost of cranial meninges, thin layer of connective tissue, tightly adheres to the brain:

Pia mater

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_________ lies external to the pia mater, partially composed of collagne and elastin, extends through the subarachnoid space, which contains CSF:

Arachnoid mater

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________ lies external to the arachnoid mater, is made of a dense irregular connective tisuue, a meningeal and periosteal layer:

Duramater

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The _________ layer is more superficial and forms the periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones:

Periosteal layer

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________ are cavities within the brain lined with ependymal cells and contain CSF:

Ventricles

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List the 4 ventricles:

2 laterals, third, fourth

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The _________ ventricle is located in the cerebrum and is separated septum pellucidum:

Lateral ventricles

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The ______ ventricle is located in the diencephalon and communicates with the lateral ventricles:

Third

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The _______ ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum, communicates with the third ventricle through cerebral aqueduct:

Furth

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The fourth ventricle merges with the _________ of the spinal cord:

Central canal

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CSF is formed by _________:

Choroid plexus

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__________ is specialized tissue in each ventricle, which is a layer of ependymal cells and capillaries:

Choroid plexus

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CSF circulates in _________ and _______ space:

Ventricles and subarachnoid

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_______ bathes and completely surrounds surfaces of CNS:

CSF

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List three function of CSF:

Buoyancy Protection Environmental stability

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__________ is the origin of all complex intellectual functions, center for reasoning, thought, memory, judgement, visual, auditory, and voluntary motor:

Cerebrum

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The few bundles of axons that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain:

Tracts

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The largest tract is called ________:

Corpus callosum

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________ provides the main method of communication between hemispheres:

Corpus callosum

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______ lobe is responsible for voluntary motor, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality:

Frontal

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_________ lobe is responsible for general sensory function, evaluating shapes or textures of objects:

Parietal

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________ lobe is involved with hearing and smell:

Temporal

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_______ lobe is responsible for processing visual info, storing visual memories:

Occipital

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________ lobe is involved in memory and interpretation of taste:

Insula

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The primary motor cortex is located where:

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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The __________ controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity, they project contra-laterally, meaning the left controls the right side:

Primary motor cortex

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Motor areas are housed within ________:

frontal lobe

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Created by: akhernandez19