Key words!
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| Isotopes | Are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
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| Atomic Number | Is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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| Mass Number | Is the number of particles in the nucleus.
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| Ion | Is a positively or negatively charged atom, or (covalently bonded) group of atoms )a molecular ion).
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| Relative isotopic mass | Is the mass of an atom of an isotope compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
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| Relative atomic mass | Ar, is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
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| Relative molecular mass | Mr, is the weighted mean mass of a molecule compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.
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| Relative formula mass | is the weighted mean mass of a formula unit compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
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| Amount of substance | is the quantity whose unit is the mole. Chemists use 'amount of substance' as a means of counting atoms.
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| Avogadro constant | NA, is the number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope (6.02x10^23)
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| Mole | A mole is the amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon-12 isotope.
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| Molar mass | M, is the mass per mole of a substance. The units of molar mass are g mol^-1.
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| Empirical formula | Is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
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| Molecule | A molecule is a small group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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| Molecular formula | Is the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
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| Molar volume | Is the volume per mole of a gas. The units of molar volume are dm^3 mol^-1.
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| What is the molar volume at room temperature and pressure? | 24.0dm^3mol^-1
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| Concentration | The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute, in mol, dissolved per 1dm^3 of solution.
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| Standard solution | A standard solution is a solution of known concentration.
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| When are standard solutions normally used? and why? | In a titration, to determine unknown information about another substance.
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| Species | A species is any type of particle that takes part in a chemical reaction.
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| Stoichiometry | Is the molar relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction.
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| Acid | An acid is a species that is a proton donor.
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| Base | A base is a species that is a proton acceptor.
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| Alkali | An alkali is a type of base that dissolves in water forming hydroxide ions.
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| Salt | A salt is a chemical compound formed from an acid when a H+ ion from the acid has been replaced by a metal ion or another positive ion, such as the ammonuim ion, NH4+
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| Cation | Is a positively charged ion
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| Anion | Is a negatively charged ion.
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| Water of crystallisation | Refers to water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound.
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| Oxidation number | Is a measure of the number of electrons that an atom uses to bond with atoms of another element. Oxidation numbers are derived from a set of rules.
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| Oxidation | Is loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation number.
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| Reduction | Is gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation number.
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| Redox reaction | Is a reaction in which both reduction and oxidation take place.
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| Reducing agent | Is a reagent that reduces (adds electron to) another species
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| Oxidising agent | Is a reagent that oxidises (takes electrons from) another species.
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