Definitions of Words
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| Mole Ratios | Based on balanced chemical equations.
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| Stoichiometry | The process of using a chemical equation to calculate the relative masses of the reactants and products involved in a reacion.
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| Limiting reacant(limiting reagant) | The reacant that runs out first and thus limits the amounts of products that can form
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| Theoretical yield | The maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reacant is completely consumed
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| Percent yield | The actual yield of a product as the percentage of the theoretical yield
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| Electromagnetic radiation | Radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vaccum
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| Wavelenght | The distance bewteen two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave
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| Frequency | The number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space
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| Photon | A particle of electromagnetic radiation
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| Wave Mechanical Model | General picture of the model
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| Orbital | The three-dimensional region in which there is a high probability of finding an electron in an atom
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| Principal Energy Levels | we call the levels
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| Sublevels | subdivided levels
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| Pauli exclusion principle | an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and those two electrons must have oppposite spins
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| Electron Configuration | The arrangement of electrons in an atom
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| Orbital Diagram/Box Diagram | Orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sublevel with small arrows indicating the electrons
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| Valance Electrons | The electron in the outermost principal energy level of the atom
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| Core Electron | An inner electron: an electron not in the outermost principal energy level of the atom
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| Lanthanide series | group of 14 elements
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| Actinide series | group of 14 elements
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| Main-group elements/Representative | Group 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
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| Metals | Luctrous apperance,ability to change shape with breaking, good with heat and electricity
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| Nonmetals | do not have physical properties although there aer some expections
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| Metalloids | they exhibit both metal and nonmetals
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| Atomic size | explains the decrease and some thought
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| Ionization energy | the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion
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| Bond | the force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them funcation as a unit
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| Bond energy | the energy required to break a given chemical bond
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| Ionic bonding | the attraction bewteen oppositely charged ions
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| Ionic compound | a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions
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| Convalent bonding | a type of bonding in which atoms share electrons
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| Polar convalent bond | a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts the shared electrons more than the other atom
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| Electronegativity | the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
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| Dipole moment | a property of molecule in which the charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
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| Lewis structure | a representation of a molecule or polyatomic ion showing how valance electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule or ion
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| Duet rule | where it shares two electrons
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| Bonding pair | a pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar-covalent bond
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| Lone pair | electron pairs in a lewis stucture that are not involved in bonding
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| Single bond | a covalent or polar covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms
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| Double bond | a covalent or polar covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
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| Triple bond | a convalent or polar covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
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| Resonance | a condition occurring when more than one valid lewis stucture can be written for particular molecule
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| Molecular structure(geometric structure) | the three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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| Valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model | a model used to predict molecular geometry. based on the idea that pairs of electrons surrounding an atom repel each other and that the atoms in a molecule are positioned to minimize this repulsion
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| Solution | a homogenous mixture
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| Solvent | the dissolving medium in a solution
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| Solute | the substance dissolved in the solvent to make a solution
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| Aqueous solution | a solution with water as a solvent
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| Saturated | describes a solution that contains as much solute as will dissolve at that temperature
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| Unsaturated | describes a solution in which more solute can dissolve than is dissolved already at the temperature
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| Supersaturated | describes a solution that contains more solute thean a saturated solution will hold at that temperature
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| Concentrated | describes a solution in which a relatively large amount of solute is dissolved in a solution
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| Dilute | describes a solution in which a relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution
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| Mass percent | mass of solute present in a given mass of solution
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| Molarity | describes the amount of solute in moles and the volume of the solution in liters
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| Standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known
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| Dilution | the process of adding solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of soulte
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| Neutralization reaction | an acid base reaction
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| Equivalent of an acid | the amount of acid that can furnish one mole of hydrogen ions
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| Equivalent of a base | the amount of base that can furnish one mole of hydroxide ions
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| Equivalent weight | the mass in grams of one equivalent of an acid or a base
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| Colligative property | a property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles present in solution
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| Acid | a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution a proton donor
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| Base | a substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution a substance that accepts a proton
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| Arrhenius concept of acids and bases | acids produce hydrogen ions in solution bases produce hydroxide ions in solutions
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| Conjugate acid | the substance formed when a proton is added to a base
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| Bronsted-lory model | acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor
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| Conjugate base | the remaining substance when a proton is lost from a acid
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| Conjugate acid-base pair | two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a singe proton
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| Hydronium ion | H3O+
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| Strong acid | an acid that completely dissociates to produce H+ ions in solution
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| Weak acid | an acid that dissociates to a slight extent in aqueous solution
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| Diprotic acid | an acid that can furnish two protons
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| Oxyacid | an acid in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom
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| Organic acid | an acid with a carbon atom backbone and a carboxyl group
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| Carboxyl group | carbon-atom backbone
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| Amphoteric substance | a substance that can behave either as a acid or a base
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| Ionization of water | transfer of one molecule to another to produce a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion
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| Ion-product constant | for water
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| pH scale | provides a compact to represent solution acidity
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| Indicator(acid base) | a chemical that changes color depending on the pH of a solution
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| Indicator paper | a strip of paper coated with a combination of acid-base indicators
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| pH meter | a device used to measure the pH of a solution
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| Neutralization reaction | an acid-base reaction
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| Titration | a technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution
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| Standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known
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| Buret | a device used for a accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of a liquid or solution
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| Equivalance point(stoichiometric point) | the point in a titation when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution that is being titrated
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| Titration curve(pH curve) | a plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrant added to a given solution
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| Buffered solution | a solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or a base are added
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| Collision model | molecules must collide in order to react used to account for the fact that reactions rate depends on concentraions of reactants and temperature
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| Activation energy | the minimum energy required in order to cause a chemical reaction
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| Catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
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| Enzyme | a large molecule, usually a protein, which catalyzes a biological reactions
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| Homogenous reactions | reaction involving reactants and products in the same state
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| Heterogenous reactions | reactions involving reactants and products in different states
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| Equilibrium | the exact balance of two processes, one of which is opposite of the other
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| Chemical Equilibrium | a dynamic state where the concentraions of the reactants and the products remain constant over time, as long as the conditions are not changed
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| Law of chemical equilibruim | it is a general description of the equilibruim conditions
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| Equilibrium expression | it is the way that you write it out
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| Equilibrium constant | it is where it stays in the place
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| Equilibrium position | a particular set of equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products in a chemical sysytem
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| Homogenous equilibrium | an equilibrium system in which all reactants and products are in the same state
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| Heterogeneous equilibrium | an equilibrium system in which all reactants and products are in different states
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| Le Chatelier's principle | if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift to reduce the effect of that change
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| Solubility product constant | the constant for the equilibrium expression representing the dissolving of an ionic solid in water
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