vocabulary and concepts
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| What are the standard units for quantitative measurements? | mass: gram (g)
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| length: meter (m) or centimeter (cm) |
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| Give the difference between solids | liquids
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| liquids - not compressible and does not maintain shape |
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| gasses - compressible and does not maintain shape |
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| When using the metric system | what are the common prefixes and what do they mean?
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| kilo - 10³ |
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| base unit |
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| milli - 10⁻³ |
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| micro - 10⁻⁶ |
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| nano - 10⁻⁹ |
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| What is meant by the phase of a substance? | The phase of a substance is the state of matter it is currently in
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| How are pure substances different from mixtures? | Pure substances are made of the same material throughout whereas mixtures are a combination of several different substances.
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| How is a physical process different from a chemical process? | During a physical change
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| During a chemical change | the substance you end up with is chemically different from the substance you started with.
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| What characterizes an intensive property? Give two examples. | It is a property that is true of a substance now matter the size or shape of the sample
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| Examples: density | color
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| What characterizes an extensive property? Give two examples. | It is property that is dependent on the amount or shape of a sample.
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| Examples: weight | length
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| What is density? | Density is the mass of an object per unit volume.
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| Mass/Volume |
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| Describe how the density of an object can be determined. | The density is determined by dividing the mass of an object by the volume of that object.
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| Describe the rudimentary structure of an atom. | An atom has a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons with electrons flying around in shells outside the nucleus.
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| What are the three principle subatomic particles? | -protons (+)
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| -neutrons (0) |
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| electronis (-) |
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| What is the difference between an atom | an ion
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| ion - particle that is has a charge BESIDES 0 |
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| molecule - a particle that is composed of atoms and has a charge of 0 |
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| What is the approximate mass of each of the fundamental subatomic particles? | proton - 1 amu
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| neutron - 1 amu |
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| electron - 1/1840 amu |
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| What does the abbreviation amu stand for? How many grams is 1 amu? | atomic mass unit; 1.66x10⁻²⁴ grams (inverse of avogadro's #)
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| What is meant by the term "nuclear charge?" What symbol is used? | The nuclear charge is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus and is denoted with Z.
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| ex. Z of Na = +11 |
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| What property makes two atoms members of the same element? | the number of protons
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| How can the mass of an atom be determined? | The mass of an atom is determined by adding the number of protons and neutrons together.
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| What property allows two atoms of the same element to have different masses? | the number of neutrons
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| What are isotopes? | They are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
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| What does the number under the symbol on the periodic table indicate | It indicates the average atomic mass of all of that element that occurs on earth.
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| In what ways are the elements arranged in the periodic table? | They are arranged into periods (rows) and families (columns).
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| What are the 7 diatomic elements? | H₂
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| What are the 2 polyatomic elements? | S₈
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| What are the names of families 1A - 8A on the periodic table? | 1a - alkali metals
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| 2a - alkaline earths |
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| 3a - aluminum family |
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| 4a - carbon family |
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| 5a - nitrogen family |
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| 6a - calcogens |
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| 7a - halogens |
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| 8a - noble gasses |
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| What is a transuranium element? | It is any element that comes after uranium in the periodic table (which are all artificial).
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| What is a transition metal? | It is a metal in any of the 'b' groups
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| What is a main group element? | An element that is not a transition metal.
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| How are the families of elements numbered? | 1-18 (or else 1a
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| In the expression 3O₂ | what does the three represent? The two?
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| What is the difference between S and S₈? | S is elemental sulfur whereas S₈ is a sulfur molecule made of eight sulfur atoms.
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| What is an empiracle formula? | It is the most reduced ratio of elements in a molecule.
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| What is a structural formula? | It represents the atoms and arrangements of bonds in a molecule
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| Name the 6 types of chemical reactions. | -Combination Rxns
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| -Decomposition Rxns |
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| -Combustion Rxns |
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| -Single Replacement Rxns |
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| -Double Replacement Rxns |
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| -Neutralization Rxns |
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| Between oxidation and reduction | which is losing electrons and which is gaining them?
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| Reduction - gaining of electrons |
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