Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid
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| Hydrocarbons | Carbon covalently bonded with Hydrogen.
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| Derivative Hydrocarbons | Carbon, Hydrogen and another element
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| Carbohydrates | -Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
-sugars and starches, with most made by plants.
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| Isomers | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
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| Monosaccharide | -Simple sugars
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| Pentose sugars | 5 Carbon sugars in Monosaccharides. Found in DNA and RNA.
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| Hexose sugars | 6 Carbon sugars in Monosacchardies. Found in Glucose and Fructose.
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| Glucose | C6H12O6, blood sugar; made from carbs, proteins, and fats.
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| Fructose | C6H12O6. Found in fruits and honey
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| Galactose | C6H12O6. Monomer in milk sugar.
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| Disaccharides | 2 simple sugars chemically bound together by a dehydration/condensation reaction.
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| Sucrose | Glucose and Fructose a.k.a table salt. Found in sugar cane and beats.
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| Maltose | Glucose and Glucose a.k.a malt sugar. Found in fermented to make alcoholic beverages.
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| Lactose | Glucose and Galactose a.k.a milk sugar.
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| Polysaccharides | consists of many monomers chemically bonded together by a condensation reaction.
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| Starch | Made by plants, using hundreds of units of Glucose. Used as a sweetener, preservative, and to add texture.
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| Glycogen | "animal starch" and used a energy reserves
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| Cellulose | Forms the outer layer of the cell walls in plants.
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| Chitin | Forms the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi.
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| Lipids | Derivative of Hydrocarbons and contains COOH, found in the fatty acids.
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| Neutral (simple) fats | a.k.a triglycerides, generally found in the diet and body.
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| Saturated | has more Hydrogen, solid at room temperature, is from animal fats and has cholesterol.
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| Unsaturated | has less Hydrogen, liquid at room temperature, is from plant oils and does not have cholesterol.
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| Transfats | Hydrogenated oils processed to increase hydrogen double bonds without the kinks.
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| Phospholipid | Second type of lipids, has a hydrophilic, and polar head and a hydrophobic, non-polar tail.
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| Steroids | Soluable in benzene. Found in Testosterone, Estrogen and adrenal hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids, and cholesterol.
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| Proteins | have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Main component of tissues and body parts along with regulatory functions and neurotransmitters
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| Amino Acids | Monomers of proteins that are small enough to enter the cell.
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| Peptide Bonds | Joins amino acids together between COOH and NH2 groups.
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| Primary Structures | "spells the protein" and consists on a number of polypeptide chains.
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| Secondary Structures | 3-dimensional structures
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| Tertiary Structures | 3-dimensional foldings that form a globular or spherical shape. EX, enzymes, blood proteins and anti-bodies.
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| Quaternary Structures | Huge proteins with multiple globular proteins. EX, hemoglobin
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| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA
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| DNA | confined to the nucleus; forms the genes on the chromosomes. Small amounts are also found in organelles.
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| RNA | Formed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Moves the ribosoms and directs protein synthesis.
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| Monomers of Nucleic Acids | Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
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