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Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrocarbons | Carbon covalently bonded with Hydrogen. |
| Derivative Hydrocarbons | Carbon, Hydrogen and another element |
| Carbohydrates | -Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen -sugars and starches, with most made by plants. |
| Isomers | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. |
| Monosaccharide | -Simple sugars |
| Pentose sugars | 5 Carbon sugars in Monosaccharides. Found in DNA and RNA. |
| Hexose sugars | 6 Carbon sugars in Monosacchardies. Found in Glucose and Fructose. |
| Glucose | C6H12O6, blood sugar; made from carbs, proteins, and fats. |
| Fructose | C6H12O6. Found in fruits and honey |
| Galactose | C6H12O6. Monomer in milk sugar. |
| Disaccharides | 2 simple sugars chemically bound together by a dehydration/condensation reaction. |
| Sucrose | Glucose and Fructose a.k.a table salt. Found in sugar cane and beats. |
| Maltose | Glucose and Glucose a.k.a malt sugar. Found in fermented to make alcoholic beverages. |
| Lactose | Glucose and Galactose a.k.a milk sugar. |
| Polysaccharides | consists of many monomers chemically bonded together by a condensation reaction. |
| Starch | Made by plants, using hundreds of units of Glucose. Used as a sweetener, preservative, and to add texture. |
| Glycogen | "animal starch" and used a energy reserves |
| Cellulose | Forms the outer layer of the cell walls in plants. |
| Chitin | Forms the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. |
| Lipids | Derivative of Hydrocarbons and contains COOH, found in the fatty acids. |
| Neutral (simple) fats | a.k.a triglycerides, generally found in the diet and body. |
| Saturated | has more Hydrogen, solid at room temperature, is from animal fats and has cholesterol. |
| Unsaturated | has less Hydrogen, liquid at room temperature, is from plant oils and does not have cholesterol. |
| Transfats | Hydrogenated oils processed to increase hydrogen double bonds without the kinks. |
| Phospholipid | Second type of lipids, has a hydrophilic, and polar head and a hydrophobic, non-polar tail. |
| Steroids | Soluable in benzene. Found in Testosterone, Estrogen and adrenal hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids, and cholesterol. |
| Proteins | have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Main component of tissues and body parts along with regulatory functions and neurotransmitters |
| Amino Acids | Monomers of proteins that are small enough to enter the cell. |
| Peptide Bonds | Joins amino acids together between COOH and NH2 groups. |
| Primary Structures | "spells the protein" and consists on a number of polypeptide chains. |
| Secondary Structures | 3-dimensional structures |
| Tertiary Structures | 3-dimensional foldings that form a globular or spherical shape. EX, enzymes, blood proteins and anti-bodies. |
| Quaternary Structures | Huge proteins with multiple globular proteins. EX, hemoglobin |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| DNA | confined to the nucleus; forms the genes on the chromosomes. Small amounts are also found in organelles. |
| RNA | Formed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Moves the ribosoms and directs protein synthesis. |
| Monomers of Nucleic Acids | Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil |
Created by:
McGillygilly
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