Chapter 2 : Matter
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| Matter | anything that takes up space (volume) and has mass
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| physical properties | no change in the composition of matter
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| chemical properties | how matter changes in the presence of other matter
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| rust | chemical property
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| color, shape, density | physical properties
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| odor, taste, conductivity | physical properties
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| melting, freezing, condensing, and vaporizing | physical changes
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| digesting something, burning, rotting | chemical changes
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| pure substances | consist of one TYPE of matter
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| cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by physical means | pure substances
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| elements | made of atoms
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| cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means | elements
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| two or more ELEMENTS chemically BOUND together | compounds
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| Cu, N2, H2 | elements
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| CO2, C6H12O6, NaCl | compounds
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| can be separated by physical means into two or more pure substances | mixtures
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| Homogeneous Mixtures | show only one place or appearance throughout a.k.a. solutions
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| sugar water, air, salt water, cola | homogeneous mixtures
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| Heterogeneous Mixtures | have distinct regions called PHASES
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| Granite & Italian dressing | heterogeneous mixtures
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| an element whose atoms do not combine with other atoms | monatomic elements
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| name the Monatomic Elements | Neon, helium, argon, xenon
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| an element whose atoms bond into two-atom units | diatomic elements
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| name the diatomic elements | Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, florine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
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| elements whose atoms bond into multi-atom units | polyatomic elements
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| energy | the ability to do WORK; related to the force that matter generates and the resulting actions of that force
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| mechanical energy | possessed by objects that are moving (kinetic energy) or have the potential to move (potential energy)
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| thermal energy | heat energy
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| sound/acoustic energy | particles move in a periodic way like waves
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| electrical energy | movement of charged particles
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| radiant energy | radiates out from the sun
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| wind energy | from the wind
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| electromagnetic energy | from the sun
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| nuclear energy | from the nucleus of an atom
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| chemical energy | stored in chemical bonds
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| exothermic reactions | release energy and feel hot to the touch
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| endothermic reactions | absorb energy and feel cold
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| vibrations from a loud speaker | sound energy
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| a pot of near boiling water | thermal energy
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| a camera flash | electromagnetic energy
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| the source of an explosion of dynamite | chemical energy
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| changes occurring at the center of a star | nuclear energy
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| a rolling ball | mechanical energy
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| thermodynamics | the study of the flow of energy, the movement and conversion of energy
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| Law of Energy Conservation | energy can neither be created nor destroyed only changed from one form to another
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| the first law of thermodynamics | matter and energy can neither be created or destroyed only changed from one form to another (E=mc2)
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | during energy transformations, some enerrgy changes to an UNUSABLE form --> going from order to disorder --> increase entropy
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| Entropy | the measure of DISORDER or randomness in a system --> entropy INCREASES over time
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| Diffusion | evenly spreading out particles over time through motion
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| drop of food coloring in a beaker | diffusion
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| HIGHER concentration of area to LOWER concentration | diffusion
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| Kinetic energy | energy of motion; particles are in CONSTANT motion
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| depends on both the mass of an object and its velocity | kinetic energy
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| Total Energy | kinetic energy + potential energy
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| Temperature | the AVERAGE KE of a system's particles; not related to the number of particles but how much the AVERAGE is per particle
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| Thermal Energy | the sum of the KE of an object's particles; IS related to the number of particles; more particles = more energy
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| flows from hot to cold | thermal energy
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| the transfer of thermal energy (heat) between two objects | heat transfer
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| unit for energy | Joule (J)
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| BTU | British Thermal Unit - amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water to 1 degree F
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| calorie (cal) | the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degree Celsius
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| kilocalorie (C) | 1 000 calories -- used to measure energy in food
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| Celsius scale | freezing point of water: 0
boiling point of water: 100
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| Kelvin Scale | freezing point: 273
boiling point: 373
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| absolute zero | the point (0K) at which ALL molecular motion stops completely -- has never been reached
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| Third Law of Thermodynamics | it is IMPOSSIBLE to reach absolute zero
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| Kinetic Molecular Theory | - all matter is made of microscopic particles that are in constant motion
- if you add energy to the particles they will speed up
- atoms, molecules, and ions are attracted to each other by electrical forces keeping them from flying apart
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| Solids | have little energy compared to the attractive forces between the particles, but the particles still vibrate
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| attractive forces OVERPOWER the KE of the particles | solids
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| particles are in fixed positions or shape | solids
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| in-compressible | atoms resist being squeezed together more; solids
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| the particles have more energy than a solid but the attractive forces still hold the particles together | liquids
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| have limited motion and the ability to FLow they are FLuids | liquids
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| near in-compressible because the atoms are already close together | liquids
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| DO NOT have a fixed shape, but change to fit container | liquids
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| high KE | gases
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| move to FILL container through diffusion | gases
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| no fixed position or shape | gases
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| highly compressible | gases
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| particles FLOW because they are FLUIDS | gases
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| most common state of matter | plasma
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| condensation | gas to liquid
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| vaporization | liquid to gas
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| freezing | liquid to solid
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| melting | solid to liquid
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| sublimation | solid to gas (DRY ICE)
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| deposition | gas to solid
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| the melting point is identical to the freezing point of a substance | TRUE
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| thermal energy, unlike internal energy, does not account for the potential energies of the particles in a system | TRUE
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| a chemical property of a substance cannot be determined without causing or attempting to cause a chemical change to occur in the substance | TRUE
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