Chapter Two Chem
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Matter | anything that takes up space and has mass, created by God out of nothing
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| Properties | related to the physical relationships among the particles of matter
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| Physical Properties | measured without changing the composition of the matter
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| Chemical Properties | related to how matter changes in the presence of other matter, measured by a change in composition when a new substance is formed from the old one (how easily does something rust, burn, rot, decompose)
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| Physical Changes | changes that occur in matter without changing the identity of the material, can often be reversed
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| color | physical property
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| shape | physical property
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| density | physical property
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| ductility | physical property
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| flammability | chemical property
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| solubility | physical property
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| supports combustion | chemical property
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| sour taste | physical property
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| melting point | physical property
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| odor | physical property
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| can neutralize a base | chemical property
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| how easily does it rot, burn, or decompose? | chemical
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| Chemical Changes | change the identity of the matter, start off with one compound and end up with something different with different chemical and physical properties, not easily reversed
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| Pure SUbstances | consist of one type of matter, cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by physical means, elements, compounds
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| Mistures | can be separated by physical means into 2 or more pure substances, divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous
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| Elements | made of atoms and represented by symbols (H, Cu, N), cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
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| Compounds | two or more elements chemically bound together (water, carbon dioxide, sugar, table salt)
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| Homogeneous Mixtures | show only one phase (appearance) throughout, also called SOLUTIONS, sugar water, air, salt water, cola
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| Heterogeneous Mixtures | have distinct regions called phases, granite, Italian dressing
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| Monatomic Elements | an element whose atoms do not combine with other atoms, one atom in the formula, Ne, He, Ar, Xe
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| Diatomic Elements | an element whose atoms bond into two-atom units, H, N,O, F, Cl, Br, I
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| Polyatomic Elements | elements whose atoms bond into multi-atom units
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| Molecules | smallest individual units in many compounds, made of two or more elements chemically bound together, can be made of the same element or two different elements
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| Formulas | represent compounds and tell what type of element and how many atoms of each type of element are in an individual unit of the compound
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| Coefficients | the numbers in front of a formula and refer to the entire unit
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| Energy | the ability to do work, related to the force that matter generates and the resulting actions of that force
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| Mechanical Energy | possessed by objects that are moving (kinetic energy) or have the potential to move (potential energy)
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| thermal energy | heat energy
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| sound (acoustic) energy | particles move in a periodic way like waves
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| electrical energy | movement of charged particles
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| radiant energy | radiates out from the sun
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| wind energy | from the wind
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| electromagnetic energy | from the sun
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| nuclear energy | from the nucleus of an atom
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| chemical energy | stored in chemical bonds
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| exothermic reactions | release energy and feel hot to the touch (hand warmers)
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| endothermic reactions | absorb energy and feel cold to the touch (cold packs)
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| thermodynamics | the study of the flow of energy, the movement and conversion of energy
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| Law of Energy Conservation (First Law of Thermodynamics) | energy can neither be created nor destroyed only changed from one form to another (E=mc2)
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | during energy transformations, some energy changes to an unusable form, go from order to disorder
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| entropy | the measure of disorder or randomness in a system, entropy increases over time
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| system | a portion of the universe under study
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| diffusion | evenly spreading out particles over time through motions (food coloring in water)
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| kinetic energy | energy of motion, depends on mass and velocity of an object
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| total internal energy of an object | =KE + PE
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| temperature | the average KE of a system's particles, IS NOT related to number of particles but how much the average is per particle
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| thermal energy | the sum of KE of an object's particles, IS related to number of particles, more particles=more heat energy, flows rom HOT to COLD, to cool something down it has to "send" its heat to a cooler object
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| heat transfer | the transfer of thermal energy between two objects, amount of heat transferred is determined by temp difference between the two objects as well as the mass of the hotter object
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