Ch 11 Radiation Protection
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| Effective Communication helps to reduce __________ & __________. | Helps to reduce pt anxiety & stress
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| Effective Communication helps to increase __________. | Success of the procedure.
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| What are some reasons for lack of voluntary control? | age, breathing patterns, anxiety, physical or mental instability.
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| What are some examples of involuntary control? | Peristalsis, heart beat, tremors, spasms.
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| If a patient is unable to cooperate, then _____________ might be needed. | Human immobilizers.
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| What is the first choice for human immobilizers? | male relatives.
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| What is the second choice for human immobilizers? | nonradiology staff.
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| Human immobilizers should wear what type of monitoring device? | Pocket dosimeter.
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| Very important to shield all individuals of ___________ | reproductive age & younger.
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| FDA recommends use shielding when gonads are within _________. | 5 cm (2") of the primary beam unless this would compromise diagnostic quality.
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| Shielding a male will provide a _________ decrease in gonadal dose | 90-95%
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| When shielding a male, a _________ shield is best used with recumbant views | flat contact.
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| When shielding a male, a _________ shield is best used with oblique, lateral, upright views | shaped contact.
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| when shielding females, the shield should be placed ________ to ASIS | 1 inch medial.
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| When a female is shielded, there is a decrease in gonadal dose by ____________ | 50% decrease to the ovaries
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| How many varying types of gonad shields are in use today? | 4 types! Flat, Shaped, Shadow, Clear lead.
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| What type of shield is best for sterile procedures? | Shadow shield.
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| What view generates the most exposure to the male gonads? | cross table lateral hip (central ray is directed towards gonads)
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| What type of lead shield has 30% lead in it? | clear lead shield.
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| What type of shield is used for scoliosis exams? | clear lead shield.
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| Increasing _________ will decrease pt dose. | Kvp
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| If the pt is 6-10" away from the IR, then the tube should be how far away? | 10 to 12 feet.
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| Exposure factors when using an air-gap technique are comparable to that of using a _____________ grid | 8:1 grid.
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| Average repeat rate for radiographs | 4-15%
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| Mammography repeat rate | 2 - 5%
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| Review of 49 studies (Adler,Carlton & Wold '92) showed repeat rate of ______, and ________ due to positioning | Repeat rate of ~8%, and 30% is due to positioning.
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| Most repeats are from ________, which tend to be areas with higher bone marrow. | abdomen , t-spine, l-spine
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| With digital imaging the rates of repeats has dropped due to ___________; | Technique factors.
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| In digital imaging, repeats occur mostly from ________________. | malpositioning
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| In digital imaging, the repeat rate is an average of ________% | 7.93%
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| In digital imaging, the most repeated exams are _______________ | pelvis, abd and skull.
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| What are the 4 ways to MEASURE radiation dose received by the patient? | ESE, skin dose, gonadal dose, bone marrow dose.
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| To determine ESE, no _________ is needed | no patient! This is an estimated dose.
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| ESE is estimated by calculating what factors? | technique, filatration, SID, and body part.
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| ___________ dose received at the skin during the exposure | skin dose.
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| Skin dose is measured with a _________ because the LiF crystals interact w/ ionizing radiation as human tissue does making it very accurate | TLD
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| What is MMD? | mean marrow dose, which is an estimate measurement.
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| Bone marrow contains a large number of __________ cells | stem cells.
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| SKin dose for PA chest? | 10-20 mrad
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| skin dose for skull? | 100-200 mrad
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| skin dose for c-spine? | 150 mrad
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| Skin dose for l-spine? | 300 mrad
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| MMD for PA CXR? | 2 mrad
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| MMD for skull? | 10 mrad
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| MMD for c-spine? | 10 mrad
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| MMD for l-spine? | 60 mrad
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| Gonad dose for PA CXR? | <1 mrad
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| gonad dose for skull | <1 mrad
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| Gonad dose for c-spine | <1 mrad
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| gonad dose for l-spine | 225 mrad
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| What is GSD? | genetically significant dose, which assumes the long term effects of radiation can be averaged over a population.
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| The estimated GSD for the US is _________. | 20 mrem
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| Which measurements of patient dose are estimates? | ESE, and BMD
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| Which measurements of patient dose are NOT estimates? | Skin dose and gonadal dose.
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| In diagnostic radiology, _____________ dose tends to be low. | gonadal dose.
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| Performing a PA skull vs AP will reduce exposure to the lens by _______% | 95%
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| Other means of avoiding fetal radiation exposure include | Other means include: Consent Forms, Wall Posters
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| Elective ABD exams on a childbearing female should be done during when? | The first few days after the onset of menses.
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| What is the 10-day rule? | Elective ABD xrays should only be done in the 10-day period following the onset of menses.
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| What does the ACR think about the 10-day rule? | it is obsolete!
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| Below 1 rad, the risk to the fetus is _____________ | minimal to nonexistent.
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| Above 15 rad, the risk to the fetus is _____________ | malformation.
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| When is the fetus most vulnerable? | the first trimester, from the 10th day of conception to the 10th week.
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| What is Bushong's rule? | 10-25. (<10 rad = no abortion; > 25 rad = possible abortion of fetus)
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| What is the preimplantation theory? | 5 to 15 rad.
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| When should a dosimetry expert provide consultation to a pregnant female? | When she is getting multiple high dose procedures.
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| Radiation exposure of less than __________ has not been associated with an increase in fetal anomolies or loss of pregnancy? | Less than 5 rad.
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| When exposing children, what should we do with exposure time and technique? | higher kVp, shorter exposure time.
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| How can collimating decrease dose? | decrease pt exposure/scatter and increase image quality.
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| What device can be used to immobilize children? | PIGG-O-STAT, Mostly used for CXR.
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| In fluoroscopy for peds, kVp should be __________% less than what is used on adults. | 20-25% less.
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| The ARSPI (Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging) was founded in _________. | 2007.
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| What is the purpose of the ARSPI? | Raise awareness among non-radiology users of CT.
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| In 2008, a campaign was launched to raise awareness about methods to reduce radiation dose. This campaign is called __________. | Image gently.
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| By using "child size" dose rates, one can decrease pt dose by as much as ________% | 50%.
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| ACS and ACR state that mammos should be done how often? | every other year starting at age 40.
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| HHS states that mammos should be done when? | at age 50.
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