Flash Cards for Psychology Final
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| Psychology | scientific study of human mind and behavior
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| Assumptions of Science: 1. Order 2. Determinism 3. Skepticism 4. Accuracy 5. Objectivity 6. Open-Mindedness | 1. If things happen for no reason how can we learn 2. every event has cause 3. doubts all claims not supported by evidence 4. evaluate info carefully 5. free bias. What does data support and not your beliefs 6. willingness to change
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| Goals of Scientific Research: | Description; Prediction; Control; Explanation
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| Description | citing of observable characteristics
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| Systemic | describe only relevant items
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| Precise | concrete descriptions- measurements- use of numbers. It makes your data the same for everything and easier to analyze
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| Operational Definitions | definitions in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce. Everyone knows exactly what you mean, no misunderstanding
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| Hyphothesis | testable prediction about relationship between two or more factors
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| Theory | statements that summarize/explain research finding and from which hypotheses are derived
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| Predictions | about human behavior more accurate in regard to people in general than to a specific person. You can say in general what people would do but not what a specific person will do.
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| Control | manipulating factors that affect thought and behavior
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| Experimental Control | in research, controlling as many factors as possible research.
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| Everyday Control | application of research findings to control of behavior
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| Explanation | causes
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| Scientific Method | Series of steps to answer questions
1. Rational/review literature
2. Develop hypothesis
3. Design study and collect data
4. Analyze data
5. Publish and replicate findings
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| Descriptive characteristics | summarizes data. This might include mean or variability
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| Inferential characteristics | compare groups
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| Types of Research | Descriptive; Correlational; Experimental; Biological
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| Descriptive Research | systematic observations
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| No causation or prediction | describing things as they exist
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| Natiralistic Observation | Study people in their natural environment. Make sure people don’t know they are being observed (Hawthorne Effect)
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| Ethnographic research | Spend a lot of time with people you are researching most likely living with them
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| Archival research | looking at historical trends
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| Case Studies | examination of one person or small group of people
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| Correlational Research | enables prediction; • Cannot introduce variable for ethical or logistical reasons; CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
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| Correlation Coefficient | degree of relationship between two or more variables
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| Positive Correlation coefficient | 2 variables change in same direction, one increases so does the other
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| Negative Correlation coefficient | one variable increases the other decreases
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| Range | zero to absolute 1.00, zero means no correlation, positive or negative 1 means perfect correlation
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| Experimental Research | causal relationship
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| Need sample of everyone in population | everyone who could be involved in your research
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| Representative example | accuately reflects characteristics of population
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| Random Sample | each participant in population is equally likely to be chosen
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| Convienience Sample | whoever is on hand
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| Independent Variable | IV manipulated by experimenter
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| Dependent Variable | DV shows effects of IV, it depends on the IV
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| Experimental groups | expose to IV
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| Control groups | not exposed to IV
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| Extraneous variable | AKA confounding variable, anything other than IV that causes changes in DV
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| Experimenter bias | accidentally signal to participant how they are expected to respond
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| Double Blind Design | neither experimenter nor participant knows what group they are in
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| Ethnocentrism | same stimulus may mean very different things to people in different cultures
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| Participant expectancy effects | participant tries to do what they think experimenter wants
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| Social desirability response | AKA participant bias
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| Biological Research | (blank)
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| Lesions | damaged areas of the brain
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| Mid 1800's | one way to determine what a particular area of the brain does is to see what happens when that part is damaged
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| Currently | can study intact, fully functional human brain function
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| Ethical Considerations | Informed consent and voluntary participation; Use of deception; Confidentiality; Student participants
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| Informed consent and voluntary participation | consent forms
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| Use of Deception | May have outlived usefulness; • What’s an obvious problem with using deception? After experiment you have to inform them the nature of what you just did; Debriefing
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| Students as research participants | students can never be forced to participate in psych experiments
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| Historical Perspectives in Psychology | Experimental Psychology and Structuralism; Functionalism; Psychoanalysis; Behaviorism; Gestalt Psychology
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| 1. Experimental Psychology and Structuralism | Structure of concious experience
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| Wilhelm Wundt | first psychological lab in 1879
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