CHEMFINALGT11/12
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| Solution | homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances in a single physical state
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| solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution
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| solvent | It is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
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| Miscible | soluble, able to be mixed to form a solution
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| Immiscible | the property where two substances are not capable of combining to form a homogeneous mixture
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| Solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another
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| Insoluble | incapable of dissolving in a solvent
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| Solvation |
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| Unsaturated | When referring to solutions, being able to dissolve more solute. When referring to organic compounds, containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds
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| Saturated | A substance in which the atoms are linked by single bonds
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| Supersaturated | the condition in which a liquid has been cooled to a temperature below that at which crystallization normally would occur, without the solid resulting
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| Factors affecting solubility | nature of solute and solvent, temperature, pressure
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| factors affecting rate of solvation | surface area, stirring, temperature
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| concentration | measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution
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| % by mass= | mass of solute/ mass of solution x100
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| %by volume= | volume component/total moles solution x100
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| molarity | moles of solute/liters of solution
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| mole fraction= | moles of component/ total moles solution
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| molality | moles of solute/ kg of solvent
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| dilution | M1V1=M2V2 (M is molarity here)
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| Colligative properties | depends on concentration of particles in a solution, not upon identity of those particles
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| Freezing Point depression | the phenomenon that occurs when the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is lowered by adding another compound to it, such that the solution has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent
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| Boiling Point elevation |
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| Vapor Pressure reduction |
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| Increased Osmotic Pressure |
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| Colloids |
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| Suspension |
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| Chemical Kinetics | -the area concerned with speed at which reactoins occur
-reaction rate is the change in concentration of reactants and rpoducts in a certain amount of time
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| Collision theory | reaction rate depends on the collision between reacting particles
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| Successful collision occur when particles | -collide with each other
-have correct orientation
-have enough kinetic energy to break bonds
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| activation energy | energy required for a reaction ot occur; depends on reactants
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| low Ea= ____ reaction rate | fast
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| Energy diagram | shows the energy changes that occur throughout a chemical reaction; describes the reaction pathway (mechanism), need to know how to label: reactant energy level, product energy level, activation energy, net energy change
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| 5 factors that affet rate of reaction | -nature of reactants
-temperature
-concentration
-surface area
-catalysts
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| reversible reactions | A+B-> C+D (forward C+D-> A+B (reverse)
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| Equilibrium | rates are = while concentrations are not
rates determined by concentrations and activation energy
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| Homogenous equilibria | all reactions and products are in the same state
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| heterogeneous equilibria | equilibrium conditions for reactants thatinvolve substances in more than 1 state
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| Calculating equilibrium constant | 1. Balance equation
2. Write equilibrium expression
3. Substitute the equilibrium concentrations
4. Do the math K>1 favors right, K<1 favors left, K= 1 equal
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| LeChatelier's Principle | -if a stress is applied to a system at equilibriu, the equilibrium will shift to reduce stress
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| 3 types of stress | -change in concentration
-change in pressure: changes volume, system moves depending on moles of gas
-change in temp: treat heat as a reactant/product, chagne sin temp like changing conc of heat
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| Reaction Quotient (Q) | the proportion of products/reactants at a specific point in time
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| Naming of Acids and Bases | -Bases: namedlike ionic compounds
-Acids names depend on ion endings
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| ate= | -ic acid
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| ite= | -ous acid
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| ide | hydro -ic acid
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| titration | analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of unknown solution, based on a neutralization reaction
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| MVn=MVn (Molarity, Volume and Number of H+ (acids) or OH- (bases) |
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| Monoprotic | acids that contain one ionizable hydrogen
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| diprotic | acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens
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| triprotic | acids contain three ionizable hydrogens
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| amphoteric substances | can act as either acid or base depending on what they are mixed with
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| Arrhenius | H+ producer OH- producer
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| Bronsted-Lowry | H+ donor H+ acceptor
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| Lewis | electron pair acceptor, electron pair donor
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| When an acid loses an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | base
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| When it gains an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | acid
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| pH= | log(H3O+)
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| pOH= | log(OH-)
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| pH+ pOH= | 14
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| hydrocarbons | organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen
- 3 categories: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
-know how to name alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
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Created by:
AlanaR
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