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CHEMFINALGT11/12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solution | homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances in a single physical state |
| solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solvent | It is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. |
| Miscible | soluble, able to be mixed to form a solution |
| Immiscible | the property where two substances are not capable of combining to form a homogeneous mixture |
| Solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another |
| Insoluble | incapable of dissolving in a solvent |
| Solvation | |
| Unsaturated | When referring to solutions, being able to dissolve more solute. When referring to organic compounds, containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds |
| Saturated | A substance in which the atoms are linked by single bonds |
| Supersaturated | the condition in which a liquid has been cooled to a temperature below that at which crystallization normally would occur, without the solid resulting |
| Factors affecting solubility | nature of solute and solvent, temperature, pressure |
| factors affecting rate of solvation | surface area, stirring, temperature |
| concentration | measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution |
| % by mass= | mass of solute/ mass of solution x100 |
| %by volume= | volume component/total moles solution x100 |
| molarity | moles of solute/liters of solution |
| mole fraction= | moles of component/ total moles solution |
| molality | moles of solute/ kg of solvent |
| dilution | M1V1=M2V2 (M is molarity here) |
| Colligative properties | depends on concentration of particles in a solution, not upon identity of those particles |
| Freezing Point depression | the phenomenon that occurs when the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is lowered by adding another compound to it, such that the solution has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent |
| Boiling Point elevation | |
| Vapor Pressure reduction | |
| Increased Osmotic Pressure | |
| Colloids | |
| Suspension | |
| Chemical Kinetics | -the area concerned with speed at which reactoins occur -reaction rate is the change in concentration of reactants and rpoducts in a certain amount of time |
| Collision theory | reaction rate depends on the collision between reacting particles |
| Successful collision occur when particles | -collide with each other -have correct orientation -have enough kinetic energy to break bonds |
| activation energy | energy required for a reaction ot occur; depends on reactants |
| low Ea= ____ reaction rate | fast |
| Energy diagram | shows the energy changes that occur throughout a chemical reaction; describes the reaction pathway (mechanism), need to know how to label: reactant energy level, product energy level, activation energy, net energy change |
| 5 factors that affet rate of reaction | -nature of reactants -temperature -concentration -surface area -catalysts |
| reversible reactions | A+B-> C+D (forward C+D-> A+B (reverse) |
| Equilibrium | rates are = while concentrations are not rates determined by concentrations and activation energy |
| Homogenous equilibria | all reactions and products are in the same state |
| heterogeneous equilibria | equilibrium conditions for reactants thatinvolve substances in more than 1 state |
| Calculating equilibrium constant | 1. Balance equation 2. Write equilibrium expression 3. Substitute the equilibrium concentrations 4. Do the math K>1 favors right, K<1 favors left, K= 1 equal |
| LeChatelier's Principle | -if a stress is applied to a system at equilibriu, the equilibrium will shift to reduce stress |
| 3 types of stress | -change in concentration -change in pressure: changes volume, system moves depending on moles of gas -change in temp: treat heat as a reactant/product, chagne sin temp like changing conc of heat |
| Reaction Quotient (Q) | the proportion of products/reactants at a specific point in time |
| Naming of Acids and Bases | -Bases: namedlike ionic compounds -Acids names depend on ion endings |
| ate= | -ic acid |
| ite= | -ous acid |
| ide | hydro -ic acid |
| titration | analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of unknown solution, based on a neutralization reaction |
| MVn=MVn (Molarity, Volume and Number of H+ (acids) or OH- (bases) | |
| Monoprotic | acids that contain one ionizable hydrogen |
| diprotic | acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens |
| triprotic | acids contain three ionizable hydrogens |
| amphoteric substances | can act as either acid or base depending on what they are mixed with |
| Arrhenius | H+ producer OH- producer |
| Bronsted-Lowry | H+ donor H+ acceptor |
| Lewis | electron pair acceptor, electron pair donor |
| When an acid loses an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | base |
| When it gains an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | acid |
| pH= | log(H3O+) |
| pOH= | log(OH-) |
| pH+ pOH= | 14 |
| hydrocarbons | organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen - 3 categories: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes -know how to name alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes |
Created by:
AlanaR
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