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Ethics and Virtue

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Term
Definition
Judaism   Monotheistic religion of the Jews based on the Torah; Jews believe that they are God's Chosen People meant to live a holy and ethical life  
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Christianity   Monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who is considered humanity's savior  
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Islam   Monotheistic religion based on the Qur'an and teaching that there is only one God and that Mohammed is his prophet  
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Hinduism   Dominant religion of India based on worship of many gods, including Brahma, and the teachings of the Vedas and the Bhagavad Gita  
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Daoism   Philosophical system based on the teachings of Laotzu; followers seek Dao (the "Way") which they believe governs the universe  
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Confucianism   Philosophical system based on the techniques of Confucius, stressing moral order and harmony in thought and conduct  
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Jainism   Ancient Hindu religion which emphasizes harmlessness (nonviolence) and renuciation  
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Gandhianism   Philosophical system based on the teachings of Indian spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi which stresses nonviolent resistance to evil  
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Vedas   Ancient Hindu sacred writings  
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Sikhism   Indian religion that separated from Hinduism in the 15th and 16th centuries; Sikhs believe in on God and the teachings found in their hold scripture, Guru Granth Sahib  
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Buddhism   Religion originated in India by Siddhartha Gautama, the "Buddha"; Buddhists seek the path to enlightenment through physical and spiritual discipline  
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Smartism   Hindu religious community that emphasizes choice in worship of the manifestations of God and emphasizes the teachings of Vedic texts.  
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Code of Hammurabi   Legal code established by the sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, that covered civil, criminal, and commercial law.  
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Book of the Dead   Early Egyptian texts that described the proper conduct needed for a happy afterlife  
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Mahabharata   Major religious epic of ancient India and a major text of Hinduism  
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Duty-Driven Ethics   Ethical system that emphasizes fidelity to principle and duty over the consequences of a moral action  
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Virtue Ethics   Ethical system that emphasizes moral character and development of the virtues as a basis for moral action  
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Consequentialism   Ethical system that judges a moral action by its outcomes or results.  
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The Virtues   Those traits of character or admirable properties allowing humans to achieve a virtuous life  
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Divine Command Theory   Philosophic approach where morality is whatever God (or the gods) command  
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The Golden Mean   Desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy, as defined by Aristotle  
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The Forms   Plato's concept that there are ideas essences (the Forms) of objects or things  
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Platonic Virtues   Plato's four virtues: Temperance, Courage, Reason and Justice  
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Hedonism   The pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle  
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Qur'an   Holy text of Islam  
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Torah   The Hebrew Bible  
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Ten Commandments   Moral rules given by God to the prophet Moses, according to the Hebrew Bible  
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Five Pillars   Islamic duties of observing creed, praying, charity to poor, fasting during Ramadan, making pilgrimage to Mecca.  
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Golden Rule   Christian precept: do to others what you would have them do to you  
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Five Great Vows   Vows of non-violence, truth telling, non stealing, celibacy, and detachment undertaken by ascetics in Jainism  
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Four Noble Truths   Buddhist teaching on four truths regarding suffering  
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Noble Eightfold Path   Buddhist teaching of eight practices (right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration) for happiness and freedom  
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Five Great Relationships   Key relationships for Confucianism (between father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, elders and juniors, and ruler and his subjects)  
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