AP/C Gov Federalism
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| Block grants | form of fiscal federalism where federal aid is given to states with few strings attached
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| categorical grants | include project and formula grants and aim at assisting the states in areas such as health, income security, and education
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| competitive federalism | begun under Nixon and known as New Federalism; stressed downsizing of federal government and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants
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| cooperative federalism | developed during New Deal; characterized by federal government's becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state powers
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| creative federalism | developed during Johnson; characterized by Great Society programs which placed major responsibility on federally funded programs
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| dual federalism | earliest type of relationship established between federal government and states where federal government's powers were defined as delegated and state powers were reserved
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| fiscal federalism | concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by federal government to states with specific conditions attached; legislation can be in form of mandates
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| funded mandates | regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to states with federal funds to support them
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| layer cake federalism | federalism characterized by national government exercising its power independently from state governments
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| marble cake federalism | also known as cooperative federalism; developed during New Deal and is characterized by federal government's becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states' powers
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| unfunded mandates | those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to states without fedreal funds to support them
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| federalism | way of organizing nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over same area and people
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| unitary government | all power resides in central government
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| confederation | national government is weak and most or all of power is in hands of its components
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| intergovernmental relations | interactions among national, state, and local government
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| supremacy clause | Constitution, laws and treaties are supreme law of the land; dealt with question of which govt. should prevail in disputes
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| Tenth amendment | powers not delegated to US by Constitution, not prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to states or to people
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | Congress has implied powers; national policies take precedence over state policies
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| implied powers | Congress has power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers"; based on elastic clause
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| enumerated powers | powers specifically listed in Article 1 Section 8 of Constitution
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| Full faith and credit | states are required to honor public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state
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| extradition | states are required to return person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment
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| privileges and immunities of citizens | citizens of each state receive all the privileges and immunities of any other state in which they happen to be
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| dual federalism | layer cake federalism; states and national government each remain supreme within their own spheres
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| cooperative federalism | marble cake federalism; mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between levels of government
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| grants-in-aid | main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities
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| project grants | most common type of categories awarded on basis of competitive applications
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| formula grants | distributed according to formula
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| underfunded mandate | states have to budget more funds for project in order to receive federal grant money
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