Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research
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| The type of research relying on qualitative research data. | Qualitative research
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| Type of research in which quantitative and qualtitative data or approaches are combined in a single study. | Mixed methods research
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| Only noticing data that support one's prior expectations. | Researcher bias
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| Thinking critically about one's interpretations and biases. | Reflexivity
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| Searching for cases that challenge one's expecation or one's current findings. | Negative-case sampling
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| The factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher. | Descriptive validity
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| Use of multiple investigators to collect and interpret the data. | Investigator triangulation
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| Accurately portraying the participants' subjective viewpoints and meanings. | Interpretive validity
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| Member checking to see if participants afree with the researcher's statements, itnerpretations, and conclusions. | Participant feedback
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| Descriptors that are very close to participants' words or are direct verbatim quotes. | Low-inference descriptors
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| Degree to which the theory or explanation fits the data. | Theorhetical validity
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| Spending enough time in the field to fully understand what is being studied. | Extended fieldwork
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| The use of multiple theories or perspectives to aid in interpreting the data. | Theory triangulation
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| Construction and testing of a complex hypothesis. | Pattern matching
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| Discussing your interpretations with one's peers and collegeues. | Peer review
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| A single intentional action for a particular person in a local situation with an obeservable result. | Ideographic causation
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| The standard view of causation in science; refers to causal relationships among variables. | Nomological causation
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| Metaphor applied to researcher looking for the local cause of a single event. | Researcher-as-detective
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| Use of multiple research methods or methods of data collection. | Methods triangulation
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| Use of multiple sources of data. | Data triangulation
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| Generalization, based on similarity, made by the reader of a research report. | Naturalistic generalization
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| Generalization of a theorhetical explanation beyond the particular research study. | Theorhetical generalization
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| Qualitative research method where the researcher attempts to understand and describe how one or more participants experience a phenomenon. | Phenomenology
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| A person's subjective inner world of experience. | Life world
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| Words, phrases, or sentence length participant statements that the researcher thinks vividly communicate the participant's experience. | Significant statements
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| Phenomenological structure of the experience. | Essence
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| Qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culutre of a group of people. | Ethnography
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| The shared beliefs, values, practices, language norms, rituals, and material things that the members of a group use to interpret and understand their world. | Culture
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| Statements or conventions that people sharing a culture hold to be true or false. | Shared beliefs
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| Culturally defined standards about that is good or bad or desirable or undesireable. | Shared values
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| Written and unwritten rules specifying how people in a group are supposed to think and act. | Norms
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| Idea that a whole, such as culture, is more than the sum of its individual parts. | Holism
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| The insider's perspective. | Emic perspective
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| The researcher's external or "objective outsider" perspective. | Etic perspective
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| Data collection method in which the researcher becomes an active participant in the group being ivestigated. | Participant observation
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| Group members who control a researcher's access to the group. | Gatekeepers
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| Nontypical behavior of participants because of the presence of the researcher. | Reactive effect
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| A general term for data collection in ethnographic research. | Fieldwork
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| Judgement of people in other cultures based on the standards of your culture. | Ethnocentric
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| Overidentification with the group being stuided so that one loses any possibility of objectivity. | Going native
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| Notes taken by the researcher during (or immediately after) one's observations in the field. | Fieldnotes
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| Qualitiative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases. | Case study
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| A bounded system | Case
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| Case study in which the researcher is only interested in understanding the individual case. | Intrinsic case study
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| Case study in which the researcher studies a case in order to understand something more general than the particular case. | Instrumental case study
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| Study of multiple cases for the purpose of comparison. | Collective case study
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| Another name for a collective case study. | Comparative case study
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| Case study analysis in which cases are compared and contrasted. | Cross-case analysis
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| Methodology for generating and developing a theory that is grounded in the particular area. | Grounded theory
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| An explanation of how and why something operates as it does. | Theory
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| Researcher is effective in understanding what kinds of data need to be collected and what aspects of already collected data are important for theory development. | Theoretical sensitivity
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| First stage of data analysis in GT; it's the most exploratory stage. | Open coding
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| Second stage of data analysis in GT; focus is on making concepts more abstract and ordering them into the theory. | Axial coding
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| Third and final stage of data anaylsis in GT im which the theory is finalized. | Selective coding
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| Occurs when no new information relevant to the GT is emerging from the data and the GT has been sufficiently validaded. | Theoretical saturation
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| Posistion that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined. | Compatibility thesis
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| Philosophy focusing on what works as the criterion of what should be viewed as tentitavely true and useful in research and practice. | Pragmatism
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| One of the two dimensions used in MM desin matrix; its levels are concurrent and sequential. | Time order
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| One of the two dimensions used in MM design matrix; its levels are equal status and dominant status. | Paradigm emphasis
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| Study of multiple cases for the purpose of comparison. | Collective case study
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| Another name for a collective case study. | Comparative case study
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| Case study analysis in which cases are compared and contrasted. | Cross-case analysis
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| Methodology for generating and developing a theory that is grounded in the particular area. | Grounded theory
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| An explanation of how and why something operates as it does. | Theory
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| Researcher is effective in understanding what kinds of data need to be collected and what aspects of already collected data are important for theory development. | Theoretical sensitivity
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| First stage of data analysis in GT; it's the most exploratory stage. | Open coding
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| Second stage of data analysis in GT; focus is on making concepts more abstract and ordering them into the theory. | Axial coding
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| Third and final stage of data anaylsis in GT im which the theory is finalized. | Selective coding
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| Occurs when no new information relevant to the GT is emerging from the data and the GT has been sufficiently validaded. | Theoretical saturation
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| Posistion that quantitative and qualitative research methods and philosophies can be combined. | Compatibility thesis
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| Philosophy focusing on what works as the criterion of what should be viewed as tentitavely true and useful in research and practice. | Pragmatism
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| One of the two dimensions used in MM desin matrix; its levels are concurrent and sequential. | Time order
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| One of the two dimensions used in MM design matrix; its levels are equal status and dominant status. | Paradigm emphasis
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| What are the three design strategies used in qualitative research and explain each one | 1.Design strategies
2.Data-collection and fieldwork strategies
3.Analysis strategies
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| 3 items in design strategies. | 1. Naturalistic inquiry
2. Emergent design flexibility
3. Purposeful sampling
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| 4 items in Data-collection and fieldwork strategies. | 1. Qualitative data
2. Personal experience and engagement
3. Empathic neutrality and mindfulness
4. Dynamic systems
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| 5 items in Analysis strategies | 1. Unique case orientation
2. Inductive analysis and creative synthesis
3. Holistic perspective
4. Context sensitivity
5. Voice, perspective, and reflexivity
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| What threats are in qualititaive research? | Researcher bias
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| What 2 ways to reduce these threats? | 1. Reflexivity (identify your own potential biases and sicern how you can minimize effects)
2. negative-case sampling (find examples that may disconfirm your prior expectations)
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| 5 types of validity concerned in Qualititaive research? | 1. Descriptive
2. Interpretive
3. Theorhetical
4. Internal
5. External
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| Validity strategies for descriptive and interpretive validity | Descriptive
-investiator triangulation (1+ investigators agree)
Interpretative
-ppt feedback (ask ppt if your interpretations agree)
-low-inference descriptors (use "")
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| Validity strategies for theoretical validity | Theorhetical
-extended fieldwork (+data over time)
-theory triangulation (consider mult. theories)
-pattern matching (complex prediction)
-peer review
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| Validity strategies for external and internal | Internal
-researcher as detective
-methods triangulation (using + methods for data collection)
-data triangulation (using + data sources)
External
-naturalistic generalization
-theoretical generalization
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| What is the difference between ideographic causation and nomological causation? |
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| 4 major qualitative research methods | 1. Phenomenology
2. Ethnography
3. Case study
4. Grounded theory
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