CHEM 113- Unit 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Ion-Product Expression | [M^n+]^p[Z^z-]^q (for compound MpXq)
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| Solubility-product constant | Ksp
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| Sulfides Ksp | [HS-][OH-][Cd2+]
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| S | molar solubility
(s^3, 4s^3, etc.)
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| Can you compare Ksp for different moles? | No! Compare S
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| Common ion effect | if you add a common ion from the insoluble substance, it DECREASES its solubility (equilibrium)
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| pH & Ksp | anions of weak acids have increased solubility at low pH
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| if Qsp>Ksp... | more reactants will be formed
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| if Ksp>Qsp... | more products will be formed
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| Ligands | Lewis Bases stuck on metal cations (often H2O)
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| 2 steps in forming a complex ion | 1) dissolve ionic compound-> Ksp (Ag+)
2) form complex ion-> Kf (Ag(H2O)2))
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| Kf | formation constant (of complex ions)
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| Koverall | Ksp x Kf
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | the conservation of energy (transferred, but never created or destroyed)
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | it is impossible to transfer heat to work
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| ΔSuniverse is always | >0
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| ΔSuniverse= | ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings
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| Entropy | change in disorder
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| Phase change entropy | gas= largest ΔS
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| Salt dissolution entropy | dissolved= largest Δ
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| Microstates | (w) #of locations^number of atoms
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| Boltzmann Equation | S=k(lnw)
*k= (R/avogadro's #)
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| Third Law of Thermodynamics | a perfect crystal has zero entropy at 0°K
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| Entropy of fusion | solid->liquid
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| Entropy of vaporization | liquid->gas
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| Vibrational motion | more atoms=more ways to "vibrate"=higher entropy
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| ΔSrxn | change that occurs when reactants/products are in their standard states
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| ΔSrxn= | ΣmSproducts-ΣmSreactants
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| ΔSsurroundings= | -ΔHsystem/T
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| (ΔSuniverse) it is spontaneous if | it's positive
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| ΔG is measured in | kJ/mol
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| ΔG>0 | not spontaneous
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| ΔG<0 | spontaneous
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| ΔG=0 | at equilibrium
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| ΔG= | ΔHsystem-T(ΔSsystem) or...
ΣmΔGproducts-ΣmΔGreactants
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| Standard states | 1 atm/1M, 298K, most stable form (° symbol)
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| NON standard state problems | use ΔG=ΔH-TΔS equation
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| Cross-over temperature | T= ΔH/ΔS (when ΔG=0)
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| Coupling | (ATP) very spontaneous coupled w/ a non-spontaneous reaction makes the non-spontaneous reaction go
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Created by:
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