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CHEM 113- Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ion-Product Expression | [M^n+]^p[Z^z-]^q (for compound MpXq) |
| Solubility-product constant | Ksp |
| Sulfides Ksp | [HS-][OH-][Cd2+] |
| S | molar solubility (s^3, 4s^3, etc.) |
| Can you compare Ksp for different moles? | No! Compare S |
| Common ion effect | if you add a common ion from the insoluble substance, it DECREASES its solubility (equilibrium) |
| pH & Ksp | anions of weak acids have increased solubility at low pH |
| if Qsp>Ksp... | more reactants will be formed |
| if Ksp>Qsp... | more products will be formed |
| Ligands | Lewis Bases stuck on metal cations (often H2O) |
| 2 steps in forming a complex ion | 1) dissolve ionic compound-> Ksp (Ag+) 2) form complex ion-> Kf (Ag(H2O)2)) |
| Kf | formation constant (of complex ions) |
| Koverall | Ksp x Kf |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | the conservation of energy (transferred, but never created or destroyed) |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | it is impossible to transfer heat to work |
| ΔSuniverse is always | >0 |
| ΔSuniverse= | ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings |
| Entropy | change in disorder |
| Phase change entropy | gas= largest ΔS |
| Salt dissolution entropy | dissolved= largest Δ |
| Microstates | (w) #of locations^number of atoms |
| Boltzmann Equation | S=k(lnw) *k= (R/avogadro's #) |
| Third Law of Thermodynamics | a perfect crystal has zero entropy at 0°K |
| Entropy of fusion | solid->liquid |
| Entropy of vaporization | liquid->gas |
| Vibrational motion | more atoms=more ways to "vibrate"=higher entropy |
| ΔSrxn | change that occurs when reactants/products are in their standard states |
| ΔSrxn= | ΣmSproducts-ΣmSreactants |
| ΔSsurroundings= | -ΔHsystem/T |
| (ΔSuniverse) it is spontaneous if | it's positive |
| ΔG is measured in | kJ/mol |
| ΔG>0 | not spontaneous |
| ΔG<0 | spontaneous |
| ΔG=0 | at equilibrium |
| ΔG= | ΔHsystem-T(ΔSsystem) or... ΣmΔGproducts-ΣmΔGreactants |
| Standard states | 1 atm/1M, 298K, most stable form (° symbol) |
| NON standard state problems | use ΔG=ΔH-TΔS equation |
| Cross-over temperature | T= ΔH/ΔS (when ΔG=0) |
| Coupling | (ATP) very spontaneous coupled w/ a non-spontaneous reaction makes the non-spontaneous reaction go |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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