FURTHER ORGANIC CHEM
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| where are primary alcohols attached ? to carbon at end. and has CH2 OH group. |
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| where are teritiary abd secondary alcohols? secondary attached to carbon attqchee to 2 other carbons. contain CH(OH) group. tertiary attached to carbon attached to 3 other carbons. no hydrogen atoms |
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| why are alcohols liquid at room temp? Hydrogen bonding between alcohol mole. Oxygen hydrogen bond very polar due to difference in electronegativity. |
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| why are the oxygen and hydrogen bond very polar? difference in electronegativities. |
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| when does a primary alcohol produce a carboxylic acid? when heated under reflux WITH oxsidising mixture. ( CH3CH2OH + 2[O]--> CH3COOH + H20 distilation tube.water in water out , electric heater. flask condenser |
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| For distillation and reflux? the glass is open at top for reflux and open at receivibg end for distillation. |
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| what is formed in reaction with metallic sodium? hydrogen gass and sodium ethoxide. (anion neg sodium pos) excess ethanol evaporated and sodium ethoxide seen as white solid. |
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| what happ if water added to sodium ethoxide ( white solid)? ethoxide ion acts as base removes proton from water forming alkaline soultion of sodium hydroxide. |
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| what happ in halogenation? the OH group removed. replaced with halogen. |
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| what hap when phosphorus pentachloride added to dry alcohol? clouds of hydrogen choride fumes . mixed with chloroalkane. phosphurus oxychloride remains in vessel. |
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| what hap when alcohol heated under reflux with KBr and 50% sulf acid? HBr produced. reacts with alcohol form bromoalkane,+water. acid used 50% conc PREVENT HBR PRODUUCED BEING OXIDISED BY ACID TO BROMINE. |
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| Warming mixture of damp RED PHOSPHURUS and I makes? phosphorus triiodide. then reacts with alcohol to form iodoalkane and phosphorus(III) ACID . MOSITURE TO BRING iodine and P in CONTACT . both SOLID. |
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| IODINATION? I2 and moist phosphurus warm iodoethane substitution. |
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| BROMINATION Kbr - reagent conditions- heat ubder reflux. product - bromoethane reaction- substitution. |
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| Chlorination Reagent- PCl5 conditions: room temp product: chloroethane reaction: substitution |
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| name procedure for test for alcohols? Add PCl5 to dry substance under test. ALL ALCOHOL produce steamy fumes of HCL. Same result for carboxylic acid - test for OH. |
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| What does a positive result for test for alcohols mean? that a OH group is present. |
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| what hap when glass rod dipped in concentrated ammonia held in fumes? steamy fumes of HCl produce white smoke ammonium Cl. |
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| what PH do alcohols have? neutral.7 |
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| Do tertiary alcohol change the colour of heated solution of Kdichromate and sulphuric acid? No |
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| what colour do primary secondary and tertiray alcohols change Kdichromate and sulfuricA? primary and secondary - from organge to green. tertiary stay organe. |
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| what hap when S.alcohol (CH3CH(OH)) warmed with mixture of iodine and NaOH solution? pale yellow precipitae formed. of triiodomethane, CHI3. |
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| What is a halogenoalkane? a compound which one or more hydorgen atoms in an alkane replaced by halogen atoms & has onpy single bonds. |
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| What is halogeoalkanes formula? CnH(2n+1)X X is halogen atom. named from parent alkanes. |
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| Halogens being electronegative cause? carbon halogen bond in halogenalkanes polarised . carbon atom pos halogen neg. |
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| what are C2H6Cl C2H6Br and ClCH4 standard states? All GASES at room temp . ICH4 and higher members of series- Liquid |
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| why do halogenoalkanes have higher BP than alkanes? More elctrons so stronger instantaneous induced dipole - induced dipole forces BETWEEN MOLECULES. ALSO POLAR. permanent dipole dipole forces BETWEEN MOL. stretghten intermolecular forces. increase |
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