NMT Production of Ra
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| show | Cyclotron-Produced Reactor-Produced Radionuclide Generator
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| show | Charged particles accelerated and irradiate a target of stable elements Protons, deuterons, alpha, 3He
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| show | Incident particle may leave all or part of it’s energy in the target
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| Cyclotron-Produced 3 | show 🗑
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| show | particle accelerator used for the production of radioisotopes
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| Cyclotron Operation | show 🗑
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| cyclotron consists of | show 🗑
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| radioisotope can be formed | show 🗑
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| man-made isotopes | show 🗑
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| cyclotron isotopes | show 🗑
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| Reactor isotopes | show 🗑
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| show | with 12 MeV protons 111Cd(p,n)111In 111Cd -- target p (proton) -- irradiating particle n (neutron) -- emitted particle 111In -- product
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| show | Radionuclides produced with atomic numbers different form those of the target do not contain any stable (“cold” or “carrier”) isotopes
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| show | should be mono-isotopic
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| Isotopes | show 🗑
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| show | Usually neutron deficient Decays by positron emission or electron capture.
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| Cyclotron-Product | show 🗑
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| Short-Lived Cyclotron-Produced | show 🗑
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| show | Fissile material fuel rods undergo spontaneous fission 235U and 239Pu
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| Reactor - Produced Radionuclides 2 | show 🗑
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| Reactor - Produced Radionuclides 3 | show 🗑
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| show | Fission of heavy elements Neutron capture [ (n, g)]
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| show | breakup of a heavy nucleus into two fragments of approximately equal mass, accompanied by the emission of two to three neutrons with mean energies of about 1.5 MeV
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| show | atomic number greater than 92 235U, 239Pu, 237Np, 233U, 232Th
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| Nuclides | show 🗑
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| show | Products separated by chemical procedures Normally carrier-free with high specific activity Products usually neutron rich and decay by b- emission Products of 235U fission 131I, 99Mo, 133Xe, 137Cs
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| show | Target captures a neutron and emits a gamma ray producing an isotope of the same element Not carrier-free, low specific activity Target and product same element, chemical separation unnecessary unless impurities develop
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| Neutron Capture [(n,g)] Reaction - Radionuclides produced | show 🗑
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| Targets | show 🗑
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| show | Decay-growth relationship Long-lived parent radionuclide and short-lived daughter radionuclide Chemical property of daughter is distinctly different from parent Easily transportable
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| Generator | show 🗑
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| show | is filled with adsorbent material cation-, or anion- exchange resin, alumina or zirconia on which the parent is absorbed
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| Generator - daughter | show 🗑
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| show | the daughter activity starts to grow again in the column until an equilibrium is reached.
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| show | may be added to the column and a membrane filter attached to keep a sterile and pyrogen-free condition
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| show | Eluant is inverted onto needle A Evacuated vial is inverted onto needle B Vacuum in vial on needle B draws eluant through column and elutes the daughter nuclide, leaving the parent on the column
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| First commercial radionuclide generator was | show 🗑
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| show | the 99Mo -- 99mTc generator
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| show | 87% decays to metastable 99mTc 13% decays to ground state 99Tc
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| 99mTc decays | show 🗑
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| show | by b- with a half-life of 2.1 X 105 years to 99Ru
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| show | Liquid Column generator is rarely used in nuclear medicine and will not be discussed Solid Column Generator is used in modern day nuclear medicine
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| Solid Column Generator | show 🗑
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| Solid Column Generator 99mTC | show 🗑
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| show | Isotonic saline is provided in vials of different sizes Evacuated vials are used to draw the saline through the column not leaving saline in the column
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| show | Isotonic saline is provided in a bottle inside the generator Evacuated vials are used to draw the saline through the column leaving some of the saline in the column
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| show | Radiation cause radiolysis of water in generator column result in formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & perhydroxyl free radical (HO2.), Radiolysis is more likely in high activity generators, Saline in tube may freeze extremely cold weather during ship
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| ATc = | show 🗑
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| show | ATc = 0.956(AMo)t
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| 99Tc in the eluate | show 🗑
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| 99mTcHMPAO | show 🗑
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| Quality Control of 99mTc-Eluate | show 🗑
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| 99Mo Breakthrough | show 🗑
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| show | Other contaminants can be checked by a multichannel pulse height analyzer Usually performed by the manufacturer
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| Aluminum contamination | show 🗑
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| show | with preparation of 99mTcSC and RBC tagging
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| show | 10 mg Al/ml of 99mTc
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| Detected by colorimetric method | show 🗑
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| show | should be between 4.5 and 7.5
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| show | Radiochemical impurities of the 99mTc eluate are all chemical forms of radioactivity other than 99mTcO4-. Described in Chapter 8.
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| show | 113Sn -- 113mIn 68Ge -- 68Ga 82Sr -- 82Rb 81Rb -- 81mKr
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