NMT Production of Ra
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| Production of Radionuclides | show 🗑
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| show | Charged particles accelerated and irradiate a target of stable elements Protons, deuterons, alpha, 3He
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| show | Incident particle may leave all or part of it’s energy in the target
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| Cyclotron-Produced 3 | show 🗑
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| show | particle accelerator used for the production of radioisotopes
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| show | entire process is controlled by a personal computer.
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| cyclotron consists of | show 🗑
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| radioisotope can be formed | show 🗑
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| man-made isotopes | show 🗑
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| show | are formed by nuclear reactions with protons (from a cyclotron, a ring-shaped particle accelerator).
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| show | are produced by nuclear reactions with neutrons which can only be generated in sufficient quantities during fission of uranium in a nuclear reactor.
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| show | with 12 MeV protons 111Cd(p,n)111In 111Cd -- target p (proton) -- irradiating particle n (neutron) -- emitted particle 111In -- product
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| carrier-free | show 🗑
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| Target | show 🗑
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| Isotopes | show 🗑
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| show | Usually neutron deficient Decays by positron emission or electron capture.
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| show | 123-Iodine Likely to be contaminated with 124I and 125I Indirect method -- 123Xe produced then decays to 123I 67-Gallium 111-Indium 201-Thallium
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| show | Used mostly in PET (positron emission tomography), Cyclotron must be located on site. 11-Carbon 13-Nitrogen 15-Oxygen 18-Fluorine (FDG)
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| show | Fissile material fuel rods undergo spontaneous fission 235U and 239Pu
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| Reactor - Produced Radionuclides 2 | show 🗑
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| Reactor - Produced Radionuclides 3 | show 🗑
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| Reactor - Produced Radionuclides - Two types of interactions | show 🗑
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| Fission | show 🗑
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| Fission [(n,f)] Reaction - Heavy elements | show 🗑
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| Nuclides | show 🗑
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| show | Products separated by chemical procedures Normally carrier-free with high specific activity Products usually neutron rich and decay by b- emission Products of 235U fission 131I, 99Mo, 133Xe, 137Cs
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| Neutron Capture [(n,g)] Reaction | show 🗑
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| Neutron Capture [(n,g)] Reaction - Radionuclides produced | show 🗑
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| Targets | show 🗑
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| show | Decay-growth relationship Long-lived parent radionuclide and short-lived daughter radionuclide Chemical property of daughter is distinctly different from parent Easily transportable
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| Generator | show 🗑
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| show | is filled with adsorbent material cation-, or anion- exchange resin, alumina or zirconia on which the parent is absorbed
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| Generator - daughter | show 🗑
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| Generator - After elution | show 🗑
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| show | may be added to the column and a membrane filter attached to keep a sterile and pyrogen-free condition
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| show | Eluant is inverted onto needle A Evacuated vial is inverted onto needle B Vacuum in vial on needle B draws eluant through column and elutes the daughter nuclide, leaving the parent on the column
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| show | 132Te -- 132I
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| show | the 99Mo -- 99mTc generator
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| show | 87% decays to metastable 99mTc 13% decays to ground state 99Tc
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| show | by isomeric transition or gamma transition of 140 keV (10% are via internal conversion
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| 99Tc decays | show 🗑
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| show | Liquid Column generator is rarely used in nuclear medicine and will not be discussed Solid Column Generator is used in modern day nuclear medicine
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| show | “Moly” Generator, Alumina (Al2O3) loaded in a plastic or glass column, 99Mo is absorbed on alumina (MoO4-2, molybdate), Column is washed with isotonic saline, 99Mo is fission-produced
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| show | 99mTc will grow until maximum activity is reached after approximately four half-lives After maximum activity is reached 99mTc activity follows that of 99Mo (Fig. 5.2) 99mTc is eluted as sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) with 0.9% NaCl solution
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| show | Isotonic saline is provided in vials of different sizes Evacuated vials are used to draw the saline through the column not leaving saline in the column
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| Solid Column Generator - wet column | show 🗑
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| show | Radiation cause radiolysis of water in generator column result in formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) & perhydroxyl free radical (HO2.), Radiolysis is more likely in high activity generators, Saline in tube may freeze extremely cold weather during ship
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| show | = 0.956 (AMo)O(e-0.01034t - e-0.11550t) + (ATc)Oe-0.11550t
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| After transient equilibrium is reached | show 🗑
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| 99Tc in the eluate | show 🗑
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| 99mTcHMPAO | show 🗑
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| Quality Control of 99mTc-Eluate | show 🗑
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| 99Mo Breakthrough | show 🗑
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| Other Radionuclide Contamination | show 🗑
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| Aluminum contamination | show 🗑
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| Aluminum interferes | show 🗑
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| show | 10 mg Al/ml of 99mTc
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| Detected by colorimetric method | show 🗑
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| pH | show 🗑
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| Radiochemical Purity | show 🗑
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| Other Generators | show 🗑
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