21-30
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| Louis XIV | King from 1643–1715. The first absolutist king. He consolidated the military, placing it directly under his control.
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| Moliere | Playwright who wrote comedies who mocked the nobles, bourgeois, and doctors.
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| La Fontaine | Wrote animal fables
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| Descartes | Discourse on Method.
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| Nicolas Boileau | Literary theorist who urged writers to emulate ancient artists, and not concentrate on frivolities of daily life.
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| Henry IV | First of the Bourbon line of kings, Louis XIV’s grandfather
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| Cardinal Richelieu | Regent for Louis XIII, Louis XIV’s father
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| Cardinal Mazarin | Regent for Louis XIV until he was 18 years old. An abortive revolution was fought against him, called the Fronde.
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| Bishop Bossuet | Principle theorist of the absolutist doctrine. Said that kings were God’s representatives and that law was the will of the sovereign king.
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| Colbert | Financial minister for Louis, wanting France to be a self-sufficing economic unit. Very mercantilist. Reduced internal taxes, and set up a free-trade area called the Five Great Farms.
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| the Fronde | A rebellion against Cardinal Mazarin. Caused by the Parlement of Paris insisting on their right to pronounce certain edicts unconstitutional. The nobility alienated their allies by calling in Spanish troops and degenerated
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| Five Great Farms | The largest free-trade area in Europe. Roughly the size of England.
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| Commercial Code | Regulated business. He required good to be a of a certain quality, gave subsidies to cloth workers. The Code was long a model of business practice and regulation
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| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | Louis believed he needed unity necessary to his rule and gradually made lives for Protestants unbearable. Many immigrated, causing a severe blow to french economics. Afterwards, France embarked on an official policy of intolerance
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| Estates General | Similar to the parliament of England, made of nobles, but it had not met since 1615
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| Provincial Estates | Smaller versions of the Estates General, and occasionally they still ruled over small areas of the country.
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| parlements | Courts of law, each being the supreme court for a part of the country
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| Leopold I | Holy Roman Emperor (HRE is div b/w pro-French/anti-French)
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| Triple Alliance | Dutch/Eng/Swed block Louis's invasion of Span Neths
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| League of Augsburg | Enemies of France, aka HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Palatinate, Dutch Republic
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| War of the League of Augsburg | 1688-France vs. League of Augsburg, France defeated--> 1697- Peace at Ryswick-Doesn't change much
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| War of Spanish Succession | 1702- France vs. HRE (and Grand Alliance) for inheritance of Spanish throne Peace of Utrecht/Peace of Rastadt- 1713/1714, England made most gains-French/Span thrones can't be inherited by same person
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| “Germanic Liberties” | which stated that the emperor had no control over them.
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| “ius eundi in partes,” | In 1648, “right of sitting apart” was established to allow Protestants and Catholics to conduct their matters separately
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| imperial diet | like the emperor, had no power, but it kept meeting from 1663 to 1806.
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| Poland proper (the Kingdom of Poland) and ______ | The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and ________
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| Szlachta | Polish nobility
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| “liberum veto” | allowed Polish Diet to disband, or “explode,” the diet if they disagreed with what happened.
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| Janissaries | stolen Christian children raised as Muslim warriors
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| diet of Regensburg | The pope summoned states of the HRE to this and finally got something done by raising an army, under the leadership of the rising Austrian power, which drove away Turks
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| Austrian Habsburgs | continued to be Holy Roman Emperors after the 30-years War, used resources from outside Germany to maintain influences over German princes
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| Louis XIV messes with the HRE by.... | busy dismembering western frontier of Holy Roman Empire, incited Turks to continue assaults up the Danube
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| Pope Innocent XI | financed the Christian force fighting the Turks, which was commanded by Habsburg general, Duke Charles of Lorraine
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| John Sobieski | King of Poland, contributed to relief of Vienna when besieged by Turks
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| Prince Eugene of Savoy | founder of modern Austrian state, military administrator, reformed supply, equipment, training, and command of Habsburg forces; also victorious on eastern border
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| Charles VI of Austria | (1711-1740)-organized the Pragmatic Sanction, he had no sons, daughter Maria Theresa
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| Peace of Karlowitz | (1699)-Turks yielde most of Hungary w/ Transylvania and Croatia to Habsburgs
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| Peace of Belgrade | (1739)-eastern frontier drawn for Austria
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| Trieste | Habsburg government developed a seaport here to open a window on Mediterranean
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| Pragmatic Sanction | (1713)-every diet in the empire agreed to regard the Habsburg territories as indivisible and to recognize only one specified line of heirs
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| Gustavus Adolphus | He was the king of Sweden (1611-1632). He was one of the major players in the Thirty Years' War
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| Charles XII of Sweden | He was the king of Sweden (1697 - 1718). He briefly made Sweden the predominant power in Northern Europe, beginning with the conquering of Denmark, fought against Peter in the Northern War
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| Frederick William (The Great Elector) | (1640-1680). One of the first to make modern Prussia. His main focus was creating an army. He agreed to exempt the nobility from taxes; in return they agreed to dissolve the Estates-General.
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| Frederick III (Frederick I) | He was the emperor of Germany and king of Prussia (Mar.–June 1888), son and successor of William I. a liberal and a patron of art and learning. He was popular, and much good was expected of his reign, but he died soon after his accession.
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| Frederick William I of Prussia | 1713-1740 During his reign, Frederick William I did much to centralize and improve Prussia. His rule was absolutist and he was a firm autocrat. He practiced rigid economy. The Prussian army was made an efficient instrument of war.
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| Frederick II (Frederick the Great) | (1740-1786) considered an enlightened monarch. Under his rule, Prussia almost doubled in population and added valuable industries (however, serfdom still existed). involved in the War of Austrian Succession. Prussia neither gains nor loses territory.
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| Maria Theresa | (1717-1780) She was the archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia. She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers. She was allowed to rule due to the Pragmatic Sanction.
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| Alexis | Peter the Great’s son, promised to restore the old ways when he took the throne, executed by Peter
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| Ivan III | (1462-1505) Throws last Mongol king out of Muscovy
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| Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) first took title of tsar, didn’t want anarchy in Russia
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| Michael Romanov | the first of the Romanov line, elected at age 17 to end the time of troubles
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| Peter the Great | tsar 1682-1725, Westernized Russia and adopted many of Europe’s institutions as he sought to create an absolute monarchy. Put church under government control, got ports from Sweden
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| Stephen Razin | lead peasant revolt 1667-1671 in response to increase in serf-itude, rampaged around Russia and the Caspian until finally put down
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| Battle of Narva | Russians lose this battle to the Swedes and see the need to reform their army
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| Battle of Poltava | Swedish army forced to endure the Russian winter then met and overwhelmed here, except the king and some survivors, the army was destroyed
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| Duma | Tsar’s council of retainers and advisors, replaced by Peter
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| Holy Synod | committee of bishops that replaced the Russian patriarch
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| Gubernii (governments)/Senate | Peter’s replacements for the duma and the national assemblies, dependant on him
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| Northern War | 1700-1721, Russia v. Sweden, after initial defeats Russia is highly successful, pushing far into Swedish territory, ended by the treaty of Nystad
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| Procurator of the Holy Synod | Civil office in charge of the Holy synod, makes sure they don’t do anything the tsar doesn’t want them to do
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| Time of Troubles | (1584-1613) time after Ivan’s death, series of tsars, Romanovs finally establish themselves
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| Treaty of Nystad | 1721, ends the war between Russia and Sweden, Russia is granted parts of the Baltic shore.
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| Streltsi | Old Russian army elite, made of nobles, politically active, rebel in1698 and disbanded
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| Catherine II (The Great) + Poland= | She was the tsarina of Russia form 1762 to 1796, and constantly intervened in Polish affairs in order to strengthen her hold over the country
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| Stanislas Poniatowski | A former lover of Catherine. His election as king of Poland was secured by Catherine in 1763; she planned to use him as a Russian puppet.
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| Thaddeus Kosciuszko | In 1794 led a revolutionary attempt to rebuild Poland.
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| Elections of 1733 | It precipitated the War of the Polish Succession. After these, in the 1730’s, a reform movement began to gather strength in Poland.
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| First Partition | 1722 The outer territories of Poland were split between Austria, Russia, and France in order to preserve the balance of power in Eastern Europe.
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| Constitution in 1791 | A new Polish constitution produced by reformers. It made kingship hereditary, strengthened the executive power, and reduced the power of the great magnates
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| Second Partition | 1793 This occurred after Catherine’s army with help from Prussia was sent into Poland to destroy the constitution of 1791 as a way to fight the influence of Jacobinism.
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| Third Partition | 1795 Russian and Prussian armies invaded to crush Kosciuszko, and divided what remained of Poland.
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| Boettcher | A German who, in 1709, discovered the formula for a substance similar to porcelain; this discovery wiped out dependence on and competition with the original Asian porcelain.
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| Jean Joseph Laborde | built up vast plantations and slaveholdings in Santo Domingo. He then became a leading banker in Paris and funded several French wars. He financed the storming of the Bastille and the French Revolution, but was guillotined in 1794.
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| East India Companies | commercial enterprises that sought to capitalize on trade with America and the East. “Indies” in the early 1700s was still a general term for the vast regions overseas.
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| The Gold Coast | the region (presently Ghana) in Africa along the Gulf of Guinea where the Europeans mined for gold to trade with Asia.
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| George I/George of Hanover | Fat Middle Aged German becomes King of England
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| Cardinal Fleury | The French leader opposite Walpole in England. Promotes peace
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| Robert Walpole | Brit prime minister, invents cabinet government and modern parliament
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| Louis XV | Another Enlightened monarch. His regent is Duke of Orleans
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| The Pretender | James III. Stewart. Tries to retake the British government, fails.
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| John Law | economic advisor to France, flees France after bubble bursts.
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