Chapters 13, 15, & 14
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| Reducing communication apprehension by revising how you think about speaking situations. | cognitive restructuring
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| Anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication encounters. | communication apprehension
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| The ability of a person to create belief in what he or she says or does. | credibility
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| Expertise and trustworthiness as a result of how the speaker communicates during a presentation. | derived credibility
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| Material used to interest, move, inform, or persuade people (statistics, examples, comparisons, and quotations) | evidence
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| A form of evidence in which a single instance is used to make a point. | example
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| A presentational style that includes preparation and practice, but not memorization. | extemporaneous delivery
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| The attribution of expertise to someone within areas unrelated to the person’s actual expertise. | halo effect
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| A delivery style that involves little preparation; speakers think on their feet. | impromptu delivery
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| Expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker before a presentation begins. Based on the speaker’s titles, positions, experiences, or achievements. | initial credibility
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| A presentational style that involves speaking from a complete manuscript of a speech. | manuscript delivery
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| A presentational style in which the speech is delivered word for word from memory. | memorized delivery
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| Phrases or sentences in a speech that acknowledge a source of evidence and sometimes explain the source’s qualifications. | oral footnote
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| Visual, vocal, and verbal aspects of the delivery of a public speech or other communication. | oral style
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| A technique for reducing speaking anxiety: one visualizes oneself communicating effectively in progressively challenging speaking situations. | positive visualization
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| A form of evidence that uses exact citations of others’ statements. | quotation
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| A method of reducing communication apprehension through practice and learning speaking skills. | skills training
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| What a speaker aims to accomplish by presenting a speech. | specific purpose
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| A speech intended to amuse, interest, and engage listeners. | speech to entertain
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| A speech intended to increase listeners’ understanding, awareness, or knowledge of some topic. | speech to inform
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| A speech intended to change listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors or to motivate listeners to action. | speech to persuade
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| A form of evidence that uses numbers to summarize numerous cases or show a relationship. | statistics
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| A method of reducing communication apprehension that teaches people how to relax as they imagine themselves in progressively more difficult communication situations. | systematic desensitization
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| The cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of initial and derived credibility. | terminal credibility
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| The main idea of an entire speech. | thesis statement
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| A word, phrase, or sentence that connects ideas and main points in a speech so that listeners can follow a speaker. | transition
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| Means of recording, transferring, and working with information. | communication technologies
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| Bits of data that websites collect and store in users’ personal browsers. | cookies
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| The capacity of multiple devices to be connected to each other and to the Internet so that the devices can “talk” to each other. | interconnectivity
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| Engaging in multiple tasks simultaneously or in overlapping and interactive ways. | multitasking
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| Software that allows a third party to track computer users’ web activity, to collect personal information about users, and to send pop-up ads tailored to users’ profiles. | spyware
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| Meetingsconducted among people who are geographically separated | teleconferencing
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| A wireless means of connecting devices to the Internet and to each other. | Wi-Fi
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| Media’s selection of issues, events, and people to highlight for attention. | agenda setting
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| The theory that media promote an inaccurate worldview that viewers assume reflects real life. | cultivation theory
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| A group of theories that focus on relationships between mass communication and rituals and patterns of everyday communication. | cultural studies theories
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| A person, group, or institution that controls the choice and presentation of topics by media. | gatekeeper
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| The modern-day, worldwide community made possible by electronic communication that instantaneously links people all over the world. | global village
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| The theory that media are powerful forces that directly affect audiences, which are vulnerable, passive recipients. | hypodermic needle model
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| Incorporating a product or brand into actual storylines in books, television programs, and films. | immersive advertising
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| The effect of television in stabilizing and homogenizing views within a society. | mainstreaming
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| All media that address mass audiences. | mass communication
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| The belief that the world is dangerous and full of mean people. | mean world syndrome
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| A practice, paid for by advertisers and program sponsors, of featuring products in media so that the products are associated with particular characters, and storylines. | product placement
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| Exaggerated, superlative claims about a product that appear to be factually, but are not. | puffery
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| The extent to which something (specifically phenomena on television) is congruent with personal experience. | resonance
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| The theory that people use media to gratify their needs, interests, and desires. | uses and gratification theory
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| The first era; during which the oral tradition reigned and face-to-face talking and listening were primary forms of communication. | tribal epoch
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| The second era; invention of the phonetic alphabet inaugurated the literate epoch, in which common symbols allowed people to communicate in writing. | literate epoch
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| The third era; invention of the printing press made it possible to mass-produce written materials, so reading was no longer limited to elite members of society. | print epoch
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| The fourth era; ushered in by the invention of the telegraph, which made it possible for people to communicate personally across distance. | electronic epoch
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