Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection
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| When one attempts to demonstarate cause and effect relationships by manipuations of the independent variable. | Experimental Research
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| Research that attempts to describe some phenomenon, event, or situation. | Descriptive Research
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| Study based on numbers. | Quantitative Research
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| Data consisting of numbers. | Numerical Data
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| Based on nonnumerical data. | Qualitative Research
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| Data consisting of pictures, words, statements, written recrods, or a description of situation or behavior. | Nonnumerical Data
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| Characteristic or phenomenon that can vary across or within organisms, situations or enviornments. | Variable
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| Variable that represents different type or kind. i.e. 'Gender' is made up of the categories 'male' and 'female' (lvl of measurment) | Categorical variable
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| A variable that varies in amount or degree of a phenomenon. i.e. 'Reaction time' numerical data. (lvl of measurment) | Quantitative variable
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| A variable that is presumed to cause changes to occur in another variable; it's the causal variable. | Independent variable (IV)
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| A variable that changes because of another variable; it's the effect or outcome variable; it's the variable that measures the effect of the causal variable. | Dependent variable (DV)
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| A variable that operates in between two other variables. It delineates the intervening process through which one variable affects another variable. | Mediating variable
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| A variable that specifies how a relationship of interest changes under different conditions or circumstances. "according to" (changes the whole nature of the the experiment.) | Moderator variable
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| A variable that can compete with the IV in explaining an outcome. | Extraneous variable
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| Changes in one variable produces changes in another variable. | Cause-and-effect relationship
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| Manipulation of one event produces another event. | Causation
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| The factor that makes something exist or change. | Cause
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| Difference between what would happen and what did happen when a treatment was administered | Effect
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| Objective observation of a phenomenon that are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and others constant. | Psychological Experiment
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| Active intervention by researchers that is expected to produce changes in the DV. | Manipulation
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| A type of extraneous variable taht if not controlled will eliminated reserachers' ability to claim IV causes changes to DV. | Confounding variable
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| The consequences of manupulating IV. | Causal description
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| The mechanisms through which a causal relationship operates. | Causal explanation
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| An experimental research study that is conducted in a real-life setting. | Field Experiment
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| Experimental research study that is conducted in a controlled enviornment of a lab. | Laboratory Experiment
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| Experimental research study that is conducted over the Internet. | Internet Experiment
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| A type of quantitative research study in which the IV is not manipulated by the researcher. | Nonexperimental Quantitative Research
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| Nonexperimental research study based on describing relationships among variables and making predictions. | Correlational Study
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| Observed relationships between variables is actually due to a confounding extraneous variable. | 3rd Variable Problem
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| Research where the researcher hypothesize a theorhetical causal model amd then empirically tests the model. Web diagram. | Path Analysis
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| Effect of one variable directly on another. Single arrow in a path model. | Direct effect
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| Effect through mediating variable. | Indirect effect
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| IV approximates a naturally occuring manipulation but is not manipulated by the researcher. AKA Ex post facto research/ natural experiment/quasi-experiment. These names means that it is "kind of" an experiment | Natural Manipulation Research
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| Study conducted as a single time period and data is collected from multiple groups; data are collected during a single, brief time period. | Cross-Sectional Study
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| Data collected at two or more points over a long period of time. | Longitudinal Study
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| Design that combines cross-sectional and logitudinal elemnets by following two more more age groups over time. It kind of eliminates the age-cohort effect. | Cohort-Sequential Design
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| Interpretive research approach relying on multiple types of subjective data and investigation of people in particular situations in their natural enviornments. | Qualitative research
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| Use of multiple data sources, research methods, investigations, theories, perspectives to cross-check and corroborate research data and conclusions. | Triangulation
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| Technique for phsucally obtaining the data to be analyzed in a research study. | Method of data collection
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| Standardized or researcher-constructed data collection instruments designed to measure personality, aptitude, achievment, and performance. | Tests
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| Self-reporting data collection instrument completed by research participants. | Questionnaire
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| Data collection method in which an interviewer asks the interviewee a series of questions, often with prompting for additional information. | Interview
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| Collection of data in a group situation where a moderator leads a discussion with a small group of people. | Focus Group
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| Researcher watches and records events or behavioral patterns of people. | Observation
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| Observation conducted in real-world situations. | Naturalistic observation
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| Observation conducted in lab setting set up by the resaercher. | Laboratory observation
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| Observations are recorded during preselected time intervals. | Time-Interval sapling
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| Observations are recorded every time a particular event occurs. | Event sampling
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| List the four in least-qualitative (complete observer) to most-qualitiative (most participant) observation in nature. | 1. Complete observer:observes without telling anyone.
2. Observer-as-participant:Obtains a little consent
3. Participant-as-observer:observer informs others about study and is involved.
4. Complete participant:fully involved in study and is being studi
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| Collection of data that were left behind or originally used for something different than the current research study. | Existing or secondary data
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| Personal and official documents that were left behind/ | Document
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| Any material thing created or left behind by humans that might provide clues to some event or phenomenon. | Physical data
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| Data originally used for a different research project. Usually quantitative. | Archived research data.
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| What is the difference between experimental and descriptive research? | Experimental research identifies cause-and-effect relationships by conducting controlled psychological experiments. Descriptive research focuses on describing the phenomenon.
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| What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research? | Quantitative research deals with numerical data. Qualitative research deals with nonnumerical data.
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| Identify and describe the various (7) types of variables that can be used in research. | Categorical, Quantitative, IV, DV, Mediating, Moderating, Extraneous/Confounding/3rd variable
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| What is the difference between and extraneous and independent variabe? | Independent variable is the variable that causes the outcome whereas the extraneous variable is another possible reason that is not related to the IV.
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| Why do we want to eliminate the influence of extraneous variables? | Because they may conflict with our independent variable.
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| When would we want to investigate the role of a mediating vs. a moderating variable? | A mediating variable describes a direct link between the IV and DV. A moderating variable can help explain the relationship by measuring what is causing the IV to affect the DV.
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| What is the difference between a cause and an effect? | The cause is the reason something happens. The effect is the difference between what would have happen and what did happen when the cause is used.
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| How is an effect identified? | The effect is identified by comparing two groups one that is exposed to treatment and one that is not. A true effect cannot be determined because one group cannot be exposed and unexposed at the same time.
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| What 3 conditions must exist to have identified the cause of something? | 1. Relationship condition: IV related to DV
2. Temporal order condition: IV must happen before DV
3. No alternative explanation condition: No other reason for relationship exists.
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| What is the difference between causal description and causal explanation? | Causal description: consequences of manipulating IV
Causal explanation: mechanism through causal relationship operates.
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| Why is an experiment considered to be artificial? | Because the experiment is set up exactly how the researcher designs it to prove their hypothesis.
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| What are the advantages and limitations of field, lab, and Internet experiments? | Field: adv-most natural disadv-less control of extraneous variables
Lab: adv-most controll disadv-artificiality
Internet: adv-cheap;larger samples;easy to access disadv:larger drop-out rate;self-selection;less control;mult. submissions
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| Identify and define each (3) of the nonexperimental quantitative research techniques. | -Correlational: measuring the relationship bt 2 var. (direct/indirect effects-3rd var.)
-Natural manipulation: IV may be caused naturally and not manipulated by researcher (hair color & intelligence)
-Cross-sectional/Longitudinal: measuring data over ti
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| What is the third variable problem? | When the relationship between two variables is actually due to another extraneous variable instead of being directly affected.
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| When would you use path anaylsis? | When observing a correlational study.
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| What is the difference between a direct and indirect effect? | Indirect effect: effect through mediating variable
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| What is the difference between experimental and natural manipulation research? | Experimental research: The IV is controlled by the researcher
Natural manipulation research: the IV is not controlled by researcher
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| When would you use a cohort sequential design and what problem does it solve? | When there is a age cohort problem in which either observing one person's age through a long period of time and observing several people of different age groups produces results that are too different to be generalized.
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| What is the unique characterisitc of qualitiative research? | It is subjective and open to interpretation.
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| Identify and describe the various types of data collection procedures (6) | Tests
Questionnaires
Interviews
Focus groups
Observation
Existing data
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| What is the difference between time and event sampling? | Time: The time at which the event occurs.
Event: every instance an event occurs
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