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| What is an acid? | Tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, turns blue litmus paper red, <7 on pH scale
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| What is a base? | Tastes bitter, feels slippery, turns red litmus paper blue, >7 on pH scale
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| What is a Hydrogen ion (H+)? | An atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron.
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| What is a Hydroxide iron (OH-)? | A negatively charged ion.....Gained an electron
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| Element: | Simplest pure substance. Can't be broken into other substances
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| Matter: | Anything that has mass and volume
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| What is all matter composed of? | 1 element or a combination of 2 or more elements
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| Compound | Substance made of 2 or more elements chemically combined
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| Mixture | 2 or more elements in the same place, but NOT chemically combined
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| Democritus | Named the atom
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| Protons | positively charged particles, located in the nucleus
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| Neutrons | no electric charge, located in the nucleus
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| Electrons | negatively charged particles, located in the electron cloud
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| Solid | Definite volume and shape, particles close together
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| Liquid | Definite volume, particles vibrate
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| Gas | No definite volume or shape, particles move past each other easily
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| Density | Mass Volume
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| Melting | Solid-Liquid
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| Freezing | Liquid-Solid
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| Condensation | Gas-Liquid
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| Evaporation | Liquid-Gas
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| Sublimation | Solid-Gas
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| Synthesis | A+B yields AB
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| Decomposition | AB yields A+B
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| Single Replacement | AB+C yields AC+B
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| Double Replacement | AB+CD yields AC+BD
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| Homogeneous Solution | Particles hard to tell apart
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| Heterogeneous Solution | Particles easy to tell apart
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| Atom: | Smallest particle of an element
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| Nucleus: | Center of atom, where the mass is, protons and neutrons
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| Energy Level | A region around the nucleus in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
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| Atomic # | order of periodic table, amount of protons
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| Atomic Mass | # of protons + # of neutrons
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| Valence Electrons | electrons in the outermost energy level
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| Ion | atom group of atoms that has an electric charge
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| Ionic Bond | attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions....they form as a result of the attraction between positive and negative ions...lots of energy is needed to break the bond
Chemical Formula
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| Covalent Bond | 2 atoms share electrons
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| Polar Bond | Covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally
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| Nonpolar Bond | Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally
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| Conservation of Mass | In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products
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| solvent | solution component that determines the state of matter of the solution (present in greatest amount)
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| solute | substance dissolved in solvent
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| molarity | mol solute volume solution
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| 1 ppm | 1mg L
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| 1ppb | 1mu g L
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| 1ppt | 1nano g L
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| molarity | varies with temperature if temp increases, then molarity decreases
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| molality | mol solute mass solvent, not temp dependent
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| mole fraction | xi is mol component i total mols of solution
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| mole percent | mole fractionx100
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| ideal solution | no net energy change and change in volume=0
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| nonideal solution | volume is less than sum of volumes
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| ion-dipole forces | attraction of water dipoles for cations and anions
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| miscible | liquids that mix in all proportions
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| saturated | when equilibrium between undissolved solute and solution, solute has attained its maximum value
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| solubility | concentration of the solute
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| unsaturated | any solution containing less solute than can be held at equilibrium
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| ionic compound solubility | 95% of ionic compounds have solubilities that increase significantly w increasing temp
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| solubility curve | graph of solubility as function of temperature
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| supersaturated | if a solution can be cooled without crystallization occurring
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| Henry's law | S=kPgas, increasing the pressure of a gas in contact w saturated solution increases the number of molecules per unit volume in gas
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| colligative properties | properties that depend on # of solute particles present but not on the identity of solute
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| Raoult's law | Psolv=xsolv*Pat temp solv, vapor pressure of the solvent above a solution is the product of the vapor pressure of solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent in solution
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| Raoult's law | strictly followed only in an ideal solution. not limited to the solvent if a solution also contains volatile solutes
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| fractional distillation | use constant pressure and boil a solution in n aparatus that does vaporizations and condenstations at a constant temp.
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| Kf | molal freezing point depression constant and molal
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| Kb | boiling point elevation constant
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| Semipermeable membranes | sheets or films of amaterial containing a network of microscopic holes or pores through which small solvent molecues can pass, but larger solute molecules cannot
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| Osmosis | net flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrance from a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration
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| osmotic pressure | pressure required to stop osmosis
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| pi | osmotic pressure in atm
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| pi=MRT | (blank)
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| isotonic | solution hqving same osmotic pressure as body flluids
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| hypertonic | Chemistry Having the higher osmotic pressure of two solutions.
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| hypotonic | Chemistry Having the lower osmotic pressure of two fluids.
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| can't Hoff Factor | (i) used to modify equations for colligative properties by accounting for the presence of ions in solution
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| heterogeneous mixture | sand-water mix
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| colloids | mixtures that lie between true solutions and suspensions
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| colloid | dispersion in an appropriate medium of particles ranging in size from 1 nm to 1000 nm
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| tyndall effect | properties of colloids are diff from true solutions and suspensions. sometimes appear milky cloudy and scater beams of light passing through them
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| coagulate precipitate | high concentration of an electrolyte can cause this
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| electrodialysis | process facilitated by the attractions of ions to an electrode having the opposite charge
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| Q: Typical Composition of Natural Gas is? | A: Methane (CH4)70-90%
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| Q: CH4, Methane, makes up 70-90 % of natural gas. What 3 gases make up the next about 20% in varying amounts? | A:
Ethane, C2H6 - 0-20%
Propane,C3H8 - 0-20%
Butane, C4H10 - 0-20%
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| Q: Why do we use chlorine at PB? | A: Chlorine is an oxidizing agent that distroys cell walls and nutrents in the water
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| Q: Where do we use chlorine at PB? | A: Circulating water, Service Water, and a couple more. Get specifics.
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