GCSE edexcel core science chemistry: materials from the earth
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| How are igneous rocks formed? | They are formed from solidified magma, either when it is erupted out from a volcano (forming extrusive rock) or when it cools in a chamber under the earth's surface (forming intrusive rock)
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| What are some properties of igneous rocks and examples of the rock? | Interlocking crystals, hard, not porous, the size of crystals depends on the rate of cooling e.g. basalt, granite
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| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | Rocks are weathered and eroded, sediments are transpored by water, wind or ice and are deposited, the sediments are compacted and then are cemented together.
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| What are some properties of sedimentary rocks and examples of the rock? | Porous, rounded grains, may contain fossils, are susceptible to erosion, may contain layers, soft
e.g. chalk, limestone, sandstone
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| How are metamorphic rocks formed? | Rocks are put under great amounts of heat and/or pressure, new crystals form, creating a new rock
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| What are some properties of metamorphic rocks and examples of the rock? | Very hard, interlocking crystals, not porous, non permeable, can contain layers
e.g. limestone -> marble
sandstone -> quartzite
shale -> slate
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| What are some examples of rocks that are natural forms of calcium carbonate? | Limestone, chalk, marble
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| What is quarrying rock? | Mining for rock that is close to the surface
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| What are the advantages of quarrying limestone in the UK? | *It allows people to use limestone all over the world
* Cement, concrete and glass can be made
* It can be used for building
* It creates jobs
* It boosts the UK economy
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| What are the disadvantages of quarrying limestone in the UK? | * Quarries ruin places of natural beauty
* Lorries cause traffic and are noisy
* They also cause pollution
* Quarries take up land space that may be valuable
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| What is thermal decomposition? | When a compound breaks down due to heat
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| What is the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate? | Calcium carbonate -> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
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| How is cement made? | By heating limestone with powdered clay
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| How is concrete made? | By mixing cement with sand, gravel and water
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| How is glass made? | By heating limestone with sand and sodium carbonate
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| What type of metal compounds decompose the fastest? | Less reactive metal carbonates
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| What is the smallest part of an element that can take part in chemical reactions? | Atoms
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| What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction? | They are rearranged to form new products with different physical and chemical properties to the reactants
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| What is the law of conservation of mass? | It says that during a chemical reaction, mass in neither created nor destroyed- showing that atoms aren't created or destroyed (shown by a precipitation reaction)
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| what is a precipitate reaction? | Where an insoluble product is produced from soluble reactants
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| What is another use of calcium carbonate? | It can be used to neutralise acidic waste gases produced by a coal-fired power station, reducing harmful emmisions and reducing acid rain
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| What substances can be used to neutralise soil acidity? | Calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate
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| Calcium oxide + water -> ? | Calcium hydroxide- which can dissolve in water to form limewater
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