final exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is chemistry? | the science of matter and its changes from one form to another.
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| Density (g/mL) | mass in (g)/volume in (mL)
*Don't forget to convert those damn L!
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| macroscale | things you see
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| microscale | things you can see with a microscope
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| nanoscale | YOU CAN'T SEE WITH A MICROSCOPE
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| King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate.... | kilo- 1*10^3
hecta- 1*10^2
Deca- 1*10^1
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deci- 1*10^-1
centi- 1*10^-2
milli- 1*10^-3
micro- 1*10^-6
pico- 1*10^-9
nano- 1*10^-12
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| How to get number of protons | atomic number
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| How to get number of neutrons | atomic mass-# of protons
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| How to get number of electrons | usually the atomic number (but watch for + or - signs!)
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| What is the equation needed to determine the mass of isotopes? | atomic mass= Sum of (E)(%abundance )(isotope mass)
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| Name the different groups on the periodic table! | Group 1a- Alkali metals
Group 2a- alkaline-earth metals
group 7a- halogens
group 8a- noble gases
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| more about alkali metals | -basic solutions
-very reactive
-only found in nature as compounds
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| more about alkaline-earth metals | -obtained from minerals
-very reactive
-produce basic aqueous solutions (except Be)
-only in found in nature as compounds.
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| more about groups 3a-6a | most abundant elements in atmosphere and earth's crust.
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| what are organic compounds made of? | nitrogen
carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
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| more about halogens | -highly reactive
-react vigorously with alkali metals to form salts
-these make diatomic molecules
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| more about noble gases | -the least reactive elements
-called the inert gases
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| Which are the metaloids? | -boron
-Silicon
-Germanium
-arsenic
-antimony
-tellurium
-polonium
-astantine
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| What is the name for the 1st period underneath the transition? | Lanthanide series
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| What is the name for the 2nd period underneath the transition? | Actinide series
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| energy | capacity to do work
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| work | energy that is transferred to the object.
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| Equation for kinetic energy | E_k_=1/2(m)(v^2^)
m=mass
v=velocity
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| What is the difference between food calories and science calories? | Cal.= (1000/1 cal)
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| When is (triangle)E positive? | -When heat goes INTO the system!
-bond BREAKING
-endothermic
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| When is (triangle)E negative? | -When heat travels OUT of the system!
-bond making
-exothermic
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| Which elements have more things in common? Ones in the same group or in the same period? | THE SAME PERIOD!
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| What determines chemical reactivity? | The number of valence electrons and their shells.
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| Frequency and wavelength | v(wavelength)=speed of light
speed of light= 3.00*10^8 m/s
v= # of waves
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| What happens to frequency when wavelength is larger? | FREQUENCY IS SMALLER!
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| How to find the energy of one quantum -planks quantum theory | E_quantum_= hv
Do this the second you see *Photon*
v=the frequency of the light or #of waves
h= plank's constant= 6.626*10^-34
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| what happens to energy as wavelength increases? | ENERGY GOES DOWN!!
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| What is the photoelectric effect? | when a metal is illuminated by light of a specific wavelength, the metal will emit electrons.
*The threshold wavelength is the shortest wavelength that can cause the photoelectric effect.
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| Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle | the exact position of an electron at an exact moment cannot be determined
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| Cation | positive ion
-lost an electron
*WILL ALWAYS HAVE A smaller RADIUS!
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| anion | negative ion
-gained an electron
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| isoelectronic | when the electron configuration of an ion is the same as a noble gas. (ideal)
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| calorie | the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree
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| emission | when an electron goes from a high level to a lower lever
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| ionization | when an electron goes from the lowest lever to infinity
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| effective nuclear charge | the more electrons there are on the valence, the stronger the attraction between that valence level and the nucleus.
larger effective nuclear charge= smaller radii
-(ENC increases across the period)
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| Molarity= | moles/L
*DON'T FORGET IT HAS TO BE IN LITERS!!
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| ionization energy | the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase.
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| monatomic ions | gain or lose enough electrons to have the same as a noble gas
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| What makes an inorganic compound | doesn't contain carbon
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| octet rule | all main group elements desire a stable octet.
*doesn't apply to those under 5
*third period can have extra!
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| cis-isomer | on the same plane
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| trans-isomer | on different planes
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| electronegativity | the ability of a covalent bond to attract shared electrons to itself
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| bond polarity | then 2 of the same atoms are bonded together the bonding electrons are shared EQUALLY.
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| polarity | the difference in electronegativity of 2 atoms.
can be polar b/c of electron clouds. you can find out by putting dipoles that point to the most electronegative atom in a bond.
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| electron pair geometry | what it would be if the electron bubbles were atoms
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| molecular geometry | what the shape is actually called because the clouds are only clouds.
ex: seesaw is trigonal bypyramidal with one electron cloud
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| noncovalent forces | -London dispersion (they all have this one)
-dipole dipole
-hydrogen bonding (O-H, N-H, F-H)
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| polarity and boiling point | -generally, the higher the MW, the higher the boiling point
-more forces= higher boiling point
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| hybridization | the arrows!!
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| How to find the limiting reagent | find out how many moles of product ea. will make. The least in the limiting reagent
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| percent yield | actual/theoretical
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| how to calculate excess | get the difference of how much product was thought to be made and how much was actually made. Get an answer from the reactant off of that.
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| form of precipitates | gas, solid, MOLECULAR COMPOUND!
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| reduction reaction | gain of electrons
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| oxidation reaction | loss of electrons
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| redox reactions | breaking down a reaction to only show the ones that have undergone oxidation or reduction reaction
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| when calculation oxidation numbers.... | MAKE SURE IT'S EQUAL TO AN OVERALL CHARGE!
*leave transition metals for last!
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