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princip. of chem. 1
final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is chemistry? | the science of matter and its changes from one form to another. |
| Density (g/mL) | mass in (g)/volume in (mL) *Don't forget to convert those damn L! |
| macroscale | things you see |
| microscale | things you can see with a microscope |
| nanoscale | YOU CAN'T SEE WITH A MICROSCOPE |
| King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate.... | kilo- 1*10^3 hecta- 1*10^2 Deca- 1*10^1 ----- deci- 1*10^-1 centi- 1*10^-2 milli- 1*10^-3 micro- 1*10^-6 pico- 1*10^-9 nano- 1*10^-12 |
| How to get number of protons | atomic number |
| How to get number of neutrons | atomic mass-# of protons |
| How to get number of electrons | usually the atomic number (but watch for + or - signs!) |
| What is the equation needed to determine the mass of isotopes? | atomic mass= Sum of (E)(%abundance )(isotope mass) |
| Name the different groups on the periodic table! | Group 1a- Alkali metals Group 2a- alkaline-earth metals group 7a- halogens group 8a- noble gases |
| more about alkali metals | -basic solutions -very reactive -only found in nature as compounds |
| more about alkaline-earth metals | -obtained from minerals -very reactive -produce basic aqueous solutions (except Be) -only in found in nature as compounds. |
| more about groups 3a-6a | most abundant elements in atmosphere and earth's crust. |
| what are organic compounds made of? | nitrogen carbon oxygen hydrogen |
| more about halogens | -highly reactive -react vigorously with alkali metals to form salts -these make diatomic molecules |
| more about noble gases | -the least reactive elements -called the inert gases |
| Which are the metaloids? | -boron -Silicon -Germanium -arsenic -antimony -tellurium -polonium -astantine |
| What is the name for the 1st period underneath the transition? | Lanthanide series |
| What is the name for the 2nd period underneath the transition? | Actinide series |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| work | energy that is transferred to the object. |
| Equation for kinetic energy | E_k_=1/2(m)(v^2^) m=mass v=velocity |
| What is the difference between food calories and science calories? | Cal.= (1000/1 cal) |
| When is (triangle)E positive? | -When heat goes INTO the system! -bond BREAKING -endothermic |
| When is (triangle)E negative? | -When heat travels OUT of the system! -bond making -exothermic |
| Which elements have more things in common? Ones in the same group or in the same period? | THE SAME PERIOD! |
| What determines chemical reactivity? | The number of valence electrons and their shells. |
| Frequency and wavelength | v(wavelength)=speed of light speed of light= 3.00*10^8 m/s v= # of waves |
| What happens to frequency when wavelength is larger? | FREQUENCY IS SMALLER! |
| How to find the energy of one quantum -planks quantum theory | E_quantum_= hv Do this the second you see *Photon* v=the frequency of the light or #of waves h= plank's constant= 6.626*10^-34 |
| what happens to energy as wavelength increases? | ENERGY GOES DOWN!! |
| What is the photoelectric effect? | when a metal is illuminated by light of a specific wavelength, the metal will emit electrons. *The threshold wavelength is the shortest wavelength that can cause the photoelectric effect. |
| Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle | the exact position of an electron at an exact moment cannot be determined |
| Cation | positive ion -lost an electron *WILL ALWAYS HAVE A smaller RADIUS! |
| anion | negative ion -gained an electron |
| isoelectronic | when the electron configuration of an ion is the same as a noble gas. (ideal) |
| calorie | the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree |
| emission | when an electron goes from a high level to a lower lever |
| ionization | when an electron goes from the lowest lever to infinity |
| effective nuclear charge | the more electrons there are on the valence, the stronger the attraction between that valence level and the nucleus. larger effective nuclear charge= smaller radii -(ENC increases across the period) |
| Molarity= | moles/L *DON'T FORGET IT HAS TO BE IN LITERS!! |
| ionization energy | the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase. |
| monatomic ions | gain or lose enough electrons to have the same as a noble gas |
| What makes an inorganic compound | doesn't contain carbon |
| octet rule | all main group elements desire a stable octet. *doesn't apply to those under 5 *third period can have extra! |
| cis-isomer | on the same plane |
| trans-isomer | on different planes |
| electronegativity | the ability of a covalent bond to attract shared electrons to itself |
| bond polarity | then 2 of the same atoms are bonded together the bonding electrons are shared EQUALLY. |
| polarity | the difference in electronegativity of 2 atoms. can be polar b/c of electron clouds. you can find out by putting dipoles that point to the most electronegative atom in a bond. |
| electron pair geometry | what it would be if the electron bubbles were atoms |
| molecular geometry | what the shape is actually called because the clouds are only clouds. ex: seesaw is trigonal bypyramidal with one electron cloud |
| noncovalent forces | -London dispersion (they all have this one) -dipole dipole -hydrogen bonding (O-H, N-H, F-H) |
| polarity and boiling point | -generally, the higher the MW, the higher the boiling point -more forces= higher boiling point |
| hybridization | the arrows!! |
| How to find the limiting reagent | find out how many moles of product ea. will make. The least in the limiting reagent |
| percent yield | actual/theoretical |
| how to calculate excess | get the difference of how much product was thought to be made and how much was actually made. Get an answer from the reactant off of that. |
| form of precipitates | gas, solid, MOLECULAR COMPOUND! |
| reduction reaction | gain of electrons |
| oxidation reaction | loss of electrons |
| redox reactions | breaking down a reaction to only show the ones that have undergone oxidation or reduction reaction |
| when calculation oxidation numbers.... | MAKE SURE IT'S EQUAL TO AN OVERALL CHARGE! *leave transition metals for last! |
Created by:
pushtogetthere
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