Chem 111- Unit 5
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| net ionic equation | only the ions that react
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| spectator ions | (precipitation/ acid-base) the ions that don't change during the reaction
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| base | OH-
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| acid | H3O+ or H+
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| strong acids (6) | HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4
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| strong acids (definition) | dissociate 100%
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| strong bases (definition) | dissociate 100%
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| weak acids | all acids that aren't strong-> don't associate much at all
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| weak bases | all bases that aren't strong-> don't associate much at all
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| precipitation rxns w/ weak bases | the weak base doesn't dissociate (only 1 overall spectator ion)
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| redox reaction | electrons move from one reactant to another
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| oxidation | loss of electrons
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| reduction | gain of electrons (charge becomes more negative)
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| oxidizing agent | gets reduced (does the oxidizing)
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| reducing agent | gets oxidized (does the reducing)
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| ON of elemental forms | 0
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| ON of monoatomic ion | its charge
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| sum of ON values= | charge on the species
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| ON of 1A & 2A elements | +1 and +2 (respectively)
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| ON of H + nonmetal | +1
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| ON of H+ metal | -1
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| ON of F | -1
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| ON of O (in peroxides) | -1
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| ON of O (all but peroxides) | -2 *except F
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| three things to put in a moles table | initial, reacting, final
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| limiting reactant | completely consumed; runs out first
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| excess reactant | in excess cf. the other reactant(s)
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| a ____ table works the same way as a moles table | pressure
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| ΔE= | q+w (heat + work)
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| Conservation of Energy | total energy in the universe is constant
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| W= | -PΔV(gas)
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| enthalpy | the change in heat in a rxn; excluding work
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| exothermic | -ΔH, heat released
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| endothermic | +ΔH, heat absorbed
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| Hess's law | the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps
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| standard heats of reaction (ΔH°)- 3 | 1 atm (gases)
1 M (aq)
most stable form & @ 298K/1atm (other)
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| standard heats of formation (ΔH°f) | ΔH associated w/ 1 mole of a compound formed from its elements in standard states
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| ΔH°f calculation | ΔH(products)-ΔH(reactants)=ΔH(overall)
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| ON of 7A elements | -1 (w/ metals, nonmetals (except O), and other (lower) Halogens)
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