Astronomy Final Exam
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| Who is Aristotle? | most associated with the ancient Greek world view
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| What did Aristarchus do? | He rejected the geocentric world view
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| What did Eratosthenes do? | He accurately determined the size of Earth
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| What is Ptolemy? | He's an almagest
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| Explain the geocentric model of the universe | model of the universe with the Earth at the center and all other objects moving around it.
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| Explain the Heliocentric model of the universe | model of the universe with the Sun at the center and all other objects moving around it.
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| What did Copernicus do? | Heliocentric world view
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| Who is Tycho Brahe? | The last astronomer without a telescope. He provided Kepler with the data needed in order to develop his 3 laws
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| What is J Kepler known for? | The three laws of planetary motion
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| What is the first law of planetary motion called? | The Law of Ellipses
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| Describe the law of ellipses. | The orbit of a planet is an ellipse where one focus of the ellipse is the sun.
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| What is the second law of planetary motion called? | The Law of Equal Areas
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| Describe the law of equal areas? | A line from the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time.
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| What is the second law of planetary motion called? | The Law of Harmonies
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| Describe the law of harmonies | The period of a planet's orbit squared is proportional to its average distance from the sun cubed.
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| What did Galileo do? | He used a telescope and challenged the conventional wisdom of the motion of objects and the nature of the heavens
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| What did Galileo observe through his telescope? | The phases of Jupiter, the moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on the moon
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| What is Newton known for? | The three laws of motion and the universal law of gravity
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| What is the first law of motion called? | The Law of Inertia
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| Describe the law of inertia | A body remains at rest, or moves in a straight line (at a constant velocity), unless acted upon by a net outside force.
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| What is the second law of motion called? | F = ma
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| Describe what F = ma means | The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force acting upon it.
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| What is the third law of motion called? | The Law of Reciprocal Actions
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| Describe the law of reciprocal actions? | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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| Describe the Law of Universal Gravitation | F = G m1 m2 / r2
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| Wave nature of light | light has wave properties; light is a special forum because our eyes are sensitive to it
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| frequency * wavelength | velocity of light
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| what is light | one type of electromagnetic wave
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| list the wavelengths from shortest to longest | radio
infrared
visible
ultraviolet
x-ray
gamma ray
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| what are red wavelengths | the longest wavelengths we see
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| what are blue wavelengths | the shortest wavelengths we see
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| what is a blackbody? | a perfect absorber of light; a perfect emitter of light
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| define wein's law | as the object gets hotter, the wave length gets shorter
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| define stefan boltzmann's law | the hotter it is, the brighter it is
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| What gives off a continuous spectrum? | A hot solid, liquid or gas, under high pressure.
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| What produces an emission line (bright line) spectrum? | A hot gas under low pressure
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| When are adsorption line (dark line) spectrum's seen? | When a source of a continuous spectrum is viewed behind a cool gas under pressure.
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| Kirchhoff's law | describe the type of spectrum produced by different sources
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| doppler effect | an apparent change in the wavelength of energy produced by an object that is caused by the object's motion towards or away from the observer; seen in the shifting of spectral lines.
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| What is the density of Pluto? | 2000 kg/m3
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| What is so strange about Pluto's orbit? | It has an elliptical orbit. Sometimes Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune because of this.
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| What are Pluto's physical properties most like? | The ice moons around the Jovian planets.
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| What type of planet is Pluto? | A dwarf planet
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| Uranus and Neptune have similar what? | Properties
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| The Great Red spot is associated with what planet? | Jupiter
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| The Great Dark spot is associated with what planet? | Neptune
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| What planet has helium precipitation? | Saturn
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| What planet has a 90 degree tilt | Uranus
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| What planet has retrograde rotation? | Venus
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| What gives Neptune and Uranus their blue green color? | Methane gas
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| Which solar objects have differential rotation? | gas giants
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| What planet has constant clouds? | Venus
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| What is the largest solar highland? | Aphrodite Terra
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| Where is the Aphrodite Terra found? | Venus
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| What space object has synchronous rotation? | the moon
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| What space object has resonance rotation? | Mercury
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| Has a surface dominated by impact craters? | Moon and Mercury
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| Largest solar mountain (it's also a shield volcano)? | Olympus Mons
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| Where is Olympus Mons found? | Mars
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| Cassini Division is associated with what planet? | Saturn
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| What are scarps? | Huge cliffs on Mercury
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| What planet has no atmosphere? | Mercury
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| What planet has a weak magnetic field? | Mercury
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| What is the Caloris Basin? | a large impact crater
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| Where is the Caloris Basin located? | Mercury
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| What is a jumbled terrain? | unusual hilly formation on mercury
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| What planet has a jumbled terrain? | Mercury
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| What are inter crater plains? | smoothed surface regions
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| What planet has inter crater plains? | Mercury
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| What is the Valles Mariners? | Enormous Valley that runs along the equator of Mars
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| What planet has Polar Icecaps? | Mars
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| What planet is about 50K cooler than the Earth
? | Mars
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| What is the approximate density of Mars? | between 3000 and 4000
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| How much greater is Venus' atmospheric pressure compared to the Earth? | 100 times greater
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| How much less is Mars' atmospheric pressure compared to the Earth? | 100 times less
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| Which planets have a density less than 3000 kg/m3? | Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune
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| What is the density of the Moon? | around 3000 kg/m3
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| What gives Mars is rust like color? | Iron Oxide
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| What planet's motion is most like the Earth's? | Mars
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| What planet's tilt axis is most like the Earth's? | Mars
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| What planet has no moons? | Venus
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| What is the largest mountain on Venus? | Maxwell Montes
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| Highland regions on Venus | Isthar Terra, Alpha Regio, Beta Regio
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| What planet has a surface and interior core very similar to Jupiter's? | Saturn
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| Core temperature at 6000K | Earth
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| which of the planets have HOT iron rich cores? | Earth, Venus
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| Which of the planets have COOL iron rich cores? | Mars and Mercury
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| What is the Earth's atmospheric chemical composition? | Nitrogen-78%, Oxygen- 21%
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| What is Venus' atmospheric chemical composition? | CO2 - 95.3%, the rest is Nitrogen
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| What is Mars' atmospheric chemical composition? | CO2 - 95.3%, the rest is Nitrogen
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| Unique feature about Saturn is what? | a mechanism for internal heating.
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| The density of Saturn is what? | 700 kg/m3
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| Which planets have ring systems? | All the Jovian Planets.
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| Which planet's motion is closest to Jupiter's? | Saturn
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| What is the Roche limit? | the distance at which a large moon would experience extreme enough tidal stretching to be torn apart.
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| What are Shepherd Satellites? | moon's whose gravitational pull influence the shape of the rings
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| What is the surface of Earth made of? | Oceans and Continents.
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| What is the average density of the Earth? | 5500kg/m3
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| What is the Earth's natural satellite? | Moon
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| Main features of the surface of the Moon | Maria & Highlands
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| Describe the crust of the moon | thicker on far side thinner on Earth side.
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| Describe the interior of the moon | Cool, not iron rich
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| Density of Mercury? | 5400 kg/m3
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| What planet has no atmosphere and no moons? | Mercury
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| Describe the motion of Jupiter | Fast Differential rotation
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| What is the density of Jupiter | 1330kg/m3
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| Describe the interior of Jupiter | rocky core, metallic hydrogen (currents here produce the magnetic field)
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| What does the fast rotation of Jupiter cause? | the clouds to form bands around the planet.
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| What are the typical colors of Jupiter's cloud layers? | bright yellow, orange and red.
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| Density of Venus | 5300 kg/m3
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| What is the Aphrodite Terra | largest highlands
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| Where is the Aphrodite Terra located? | Venus
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| Beta regio is on what planet? | Venus
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| Beta regio has what? | two Shield volcanoes
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| Describe the clouds on Venus | Sulfuric acid clouds at 50 km
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| What is the temperature of Venus? | VERY HOT 730K,
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| What are polar icecaps? | Frozen water and carbon dioxide
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| Which planet has evidence of water flow in the past | Jupiter
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| Describe the plate tectonic problem on Mars | started the formation of plate (Valles Marineris is a huge rift valley, but the planet cooled too rapidly and the process stopped.
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| Which planet has global dust storms | Jupiter
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| What are the two Moons on Jupiter | Phobos and Deimos, small irregular shapes, not like our moon, more like captured asteroids.
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| high luminosity equals | brightness
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| bright hot star equals | brighter than the sun and hotter than the sun
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| the left side of an HR diagram is what? | hot
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| the right side of an HR diagram is what? | cool
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| the lower half of an HR diagram is what? | dim
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| the upper half of an HR diagram is what? | bright
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| main sequence stars go through what quadrant(s) of an HR diagram? | A and D
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| white dwarf stars go through what quadrant(s) of an HR diagram? | C
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| red giant stars go through what quadrant(s) of an HR diagram? | B
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| high mass stars are where on an HR diagram? | upper left
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| low mass stars are where on an HR diagram? | lower right
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| what is the life span of a high mass star? | short
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| what is the life span of a low mass star? | long
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| using only the brightness and the distance to a star what can be determined? | luminosity
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| using the temperature and luminosity of a star only what can be determined? | radius
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| what are the stages of a star? | main sequence, red giant, yellow giant, red giant, planetary nebula explosion, and white dwarf
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| what does a main sequence star fuse? | hydrogen to helium
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| what does a red giant fuse? | trick question! they don't fuse anything
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| what does a yellow giant star fuse? | helium to carbon
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| what is the life span of a high mass star? | short
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| what is the life span of a low mass star? | long
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| Describe the evolution of a sun-like star? | Low Mass (Sun-Like) -> planetary nebula ->white dwarf High Mass (> 10 solar masses) -> supernova(Type II) -> neutron star or black hole
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| has a solar mass greater than 10 | high mass star
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| has a solar mass lower than 10 | low mass star
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| continuous spectrum | kind of like a rainbow; you see every wavelength
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| Emission line spectrum | light emitted at very specific wavelengths; related to the chemical element producing the lines
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| Adsorption line spectrum | get the rainbow with certain wavelengths missing
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| The wavelength of the emission or absorption lines depends on what? | which atoms or molecules are found in the object under study; What atoms or molecules exist depend on:
temperature, chemical composition.
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