Handout 1/ Sequence 4 Week 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Atoms | Made up of smaller particles called Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
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| Protons have what charge | Positive
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| What are protons | Positive charged particles
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| What are neutrons | No charge particles
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| What are electrons | Negavive charge particles
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| What are two types of bonding between atoms | 1. Ionic
2. Covalent
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| Which bond is stronger - the Ionic or the Covalent | The covalent
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| What are the two distinct areas of study in chemistry | 1. Inorganic
2. Organic
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| What is Inorganic Chemistry | The study of all types of molecules that do not contain carbon atoms
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| What is Organic Chemistry | The study of substances that contain carbon as one of the components of a molecule
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| What are enzymes | Proteins that can regulate the speed of reactions
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| What are catalysts | Protein molecules that speed up reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed to complete the reactions
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| Density | The ratio of mass to volume
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| Electron | Negatively charged particles considered a fundamental unit of matter that exhist independently or outside the neucleus
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| Element | Any of the substances, numbering 107, that cannot be chemically seperated into smaller substances
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| Mixture | The product of mixing two or more items or substances together
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| Molecule | A single atom or several atoms bound together electromagnetically forming the smallest particle that posses all the characteristic physical and chemical properties of an element or compound
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| Neutron | An elementary particle having no charge. Span of 1/2 and mass approximately equal to a proton. Present in the neucleus of all atoms except the common isotope of Hydrogen.
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| Symbol | Represents something else or that stands for complex or abstract concepts
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| Volume | The amount of space occupied by a 3 dimentional object
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| Compound | A substance formed by the union of 2 or more chemical elements in fixed proportions with properties different from those of its constituents
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| Electrolytes | Substances that release ions in water
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| What is an acid | Electrolytes that release hydrogen in water
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| What is a base | Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions
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| The concentration of hydrogen ions in the body fluids effect the chemical reactions that control functions such as | 1. Blood pressure 2. Breathing rate
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| Carbohydrates | Provide energy that cells require and supply materials to build certain cell structures. They are often stored as reserve energy supplies
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| There are 3 necessary macronutrients that provide calories in our diets | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Fats
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| Carbs provide most of the energy needed in our daily lives for such functions as | 1. Heart rate 2. Breathing 3. Digestion 4. Brain activity
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| carbs are necessary for exercises such as | 1. Biking 2. Running 3. Walking
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| What are complex carbs | Contain three or more sugars. They take longer to digest and are packed with fiber, vitamins nd minerals
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| What are simple carbs | Contain one (single) or two (double) sugars
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| What are examples of simple carbs | 1. Table sugar 2. Fruit juice 3. Milk 4. Yougart 5. Honey 6. Maple syrup 7. Molasses
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| What are examples of complex carbs | 1. Vegetables 2. Whole grain breads 3. Oatmeal 4. Legumes 5. Brown rice 6. Wheat pasta
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| When you eat or drink a simple carb or simple sugar what happens | You feel a sudden spike in blood sugar and then the pancreas will produce additional insulin to remove the excess sugar from your blood
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| What is the sugar craving cycle | As you eat more sugars, there is a sense of needing more fuel, more energy and more calories from the downward spiral. A risidual low blood sugar craving for more of the quick-release, simple sugars
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| As the low blood sugar continues, what happens | The pancreas continues to secret insulin while it simultaneously reduces its production of another hormone called glucagon
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| What is glucagon | The only hormone that allows stored body fat to be released into the bloodstream to be burned by your muscles as energy
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| What happens when the pancreas has to elevate its production of insulin while reducing its supply of glucagon | You are locking-in your excess body fat. Therefore, too much simple sugar intake dramatically hinders the process of reducing stored body fat
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| What are minerals called | Electrolytes because they carry positive or negative electrical charges
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| Minerals are required for body activities such as | 1. Conduction of nerve impulses 2. Beating of the heart 3. Skeletal muscle contraction 4. Absorption of neutrients from the GI tract 5. Protein synthesis 6. Energy production 7. Blood formation
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| Sodium and Chloride ae the principal minerals in | The intracellular body fluid
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| Blood contains how much Sodium and Chloride | 0.9%
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| What is the best source of sodium and chloride | Table salt (NaCl)
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| Deficiencies of sodium and chloride can be due to | 1. Excessive fluid loss 2. Bleeding 3. Diarrhea 4. Vomiting 5. Excessive perspiration 6. Alkalosis (chloride deficiency)
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| The 4 strenths of NaCl are | 1. 0.9% (whole) 2. 0.45% (half) 3. 0.33% (one third) 4. 0.225% (one fourth)
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| What are the principle minerals in the body | 1. Sodium Chloride 2. Potassium 3. Calcium 4. Iron 5. Zinc
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| Natural sources of Potassium (K) | 1. Citris fruit 2. Bananas 3. Tomatoes 4. Potato skins 5. Cantalope 6. Avacado 7. Apricots 8. Dried and fresh fruits 9. Beans 10. Peas
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| What is Potassium necessary for | 1. Acid/base and fluid balance 2. Heart beat regulation
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| Why does one get Potassium deficiencies | 1. Weight reduction diet 2. Diarrhea or vomiting 3. Diabetic ketoacidosis 4. Diaphoresis (excessive perspiration) 5. Diuretic use (ex: thiazides and furosemides) 6. Digitalis toxicity 7. Long term use of laxitives or cortocosteroids
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| What are signs of deficiency | 1. Muscle weakness, cramping or paralysis 2. Cardiac arythemia 3. Lethargy or fatigue 4. Mental apathy and confusion
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| What are some of the oral products available in Potassium | 1. Effervescent tablet or powder to be dissolved in water or juice (K-Lyte 50-100mEq qd) 2. Capsules to be swallowed (Micro-K) 3. Extended release (K-Dur, or Slow-K) 4. Oral liquid (Kaochlor)
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| What are side effects of Potassium | 1. N/V 2. Diarrhea 3. GI bleeding 4. Abdominal pain
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| Hyperkalemia | Excessive potassium in the blood
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| What are sypmtoms of potassium overdose | 1. Listlessness 2. Confusion 3. Weakness or paralysis of extremities 4. Drop in blood pressure 5. Cardiac arythmia with possible heart blockage
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| Patients taking potassium should be instructed | 1. Natural sources of potassium rich foods 2. Conditions requiring potassium supplements 3. Directions for taking potassium 4. Importance of dissolving the tablet 5. Notify a doctor immediately of any side effects
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| What are the directions for taking potassium supplements | Take with or after meals to avoid GI distress and follow directions on package carefully
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| How should potassium be taken | Dissolve the tablet in at least 4 to 8 ounces of water completely before taking it and never hold the tablet in the mouth or swallow the tablet whole
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| What is calcium (Ca) | Mineral component of bones and teeth
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| Where is calcium absorbed | In the small intestine with the help of vitamin D
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| What are some natural sources of calcium | Milk and dairy products
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| What is calcium necessary for | 1. Strong bones and teeth 2. Contraction of cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles 3. Nerve conduction 4. Blood coagulation, capillary permeability and normal blood pressure 5. Renal function
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| What are calcium and magnesium important in | The prevention of heart disease
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| Deficiencies in calcium may be due to | 1. Pregnancy 2. Post menapausal woman or those with estrogen deficiencies 2. Hypoperathyroidism 4. Long term use of cortocosteroids, some diuretics, or anticonvulsants 5. Chronic diarrhea or pancreatitis 6. Renal failure
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| What are some signs of a deficiency in calcium | 1. Osteoporosis 2. Osteomalacia (softening of the bones) 3. Ricketts in children 4. Muscle cramps or cardiac myopathy 5. Increased clotting time
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| What is the recommended dosage of calcium supplements | 400 - 600 mg daily po (Os-Cal or Tums E-X
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| What are some calcium products available | 1. Calcium gluconate 2. Calcium carbonate 3. Calcium lactate
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| What product delivers the highest amount of elemental calcium per tablet | Calcium carbonate
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| What are side effects of calcium salts | 1. Constipation from oral products 2. Tissue irritation from IV products
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| When should calcium be taken | 1 - 1 1/2 hours after meals
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| What are some interactions with calcium | 1. Digitalis (may cause arrhythmias) 2. Tetracycline (inactivates the antibiotics)
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| Patients taking calcium should be instructed how | 1. Calcium rich diets 2. Necessity for calcium supplements 3. Importance of upright exercise to prevent bone mass 4. Outdoor activity because sunlight helps create vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism 6. Not taking calcium at the same time
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| What is the oxygen-carrying component of blood | Iron (Fe)
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| Iron is a mineral found in what foods | 1. Meat (especially liver) 2. Egg yolk 3. Beans 4. Spinach 5. Enriched cereals 6. Oysters 7. Dried fruits 8. Prune juice
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| What is iron necessary for | 1. Hemoglobin formation 2. Strengthens the immune system, increasing resistance to infection
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| What are deficiencies in iron due to | 1. Hemorrhage or excessive menstral flow 2. Internal bleeding, ulcers, GI tumors 3. Pregnancy 4. Infancy 5. Puberty 6. Patients going on hemodialysis
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| What are signs of deficiency of iron | 1. Paleness of skin or mucous membranes 2. Lethargy or weakness 3. Vertigo 4. Shortness of breath 5. Declined mental skills 6. Irregular heartbeat 7. Craving of non-food items (ex: ice, clay, starch)
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| What is the treatment of anemia due to iron deficiency consist of | 1. Ferrous sulfate (Feosol, Fer-in-Sol) adults 50-100mg tid after meals
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| Side effects of taking iron | 1. Black stool 2. Nausia and vomiting 3. Constipation or diarrhea 4. Anaphalactic reactions or phlebitis
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| Iron is contraindicated in patients with | 1. Ulcers 2. Reginal enteritis 3. Ulcerative colitis
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| What will iron interact with | 1. Vitamin C (increases iron absorption) 2. Coffee or tea taken within 2 hours of iron (reduces iron absorption by as much as 50%) 3. Tetracycline absorption is inhibited by oral iron 4. Antacids decrease iron absorption
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| Symptoms of acute overdose of iron may include | 1. Lethargy 2. Shock 3. Vomiting and diarrhea 4. Errosion of the GI tract
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| Patient education for iron products includes | 1. Avoid self-medication without a blood test showing a need 2. Black stool is to be expected 3. Take iron at meals 4. Take with Orange Juice for better absorption 5. Avoid coffee, tea, milk or antacids
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| Patient education for iron products includes (number 6-7) | 6. Iron in meats is called heme iron and is better absorbed than nonheme iron in fruits and vegetables 2. Nonheme iron is absorbed better if consumed with a rich source of vitamin C
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| Zinc is an essential element in | Metabolism
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| Food rich in Zinc are | 1. Lean meat 2. Organ meats 3. Oysters 4. Poultry 5. Fish 6. Whole grain
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| What is Zinc necessary for | 1. Healing wounds 2. Mineralization of bones 3. Digestion of protein 4. Insulin/glucose regulation 5. Normal taste 6. Detox of alcohol in the liver
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| Symptoms of Zinc deficiencies include | 1. Poor wound healing 2. Reduced taste perception 3. Poor alcohol intolerance 4. Glucose intolerance 5. Anemia 6. Slow growth 7. Sterility 8. Dermatitis 9. Hair loss
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| Zinc toxicity is more than 2g/day. Toxicity may cause | 1. Nausia/vomiting 2. GI stress 3. Interferance with immune system
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| Treatment of Zinc deficiencies consisit of | 200-300 mg tabs or caps with meals tid to minimize gastric distress
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| Patient education for Zinc include | 1. Well balanced diet 2. Food preparation to avoid loss of vitamines 3. Signs of deficiency and overdose 4. Caution taking supplements without established need or without medical assistance, especially megadoses, fat-soluble vitamins, and iron
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