exam 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| parallax | show 🗑
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| show | "par"allax "sec"ond. the distance where 1 AU in linear diameter subtends 1"
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| apparent magnitude VS. absolute magnitude | show 🗑
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| parallax (math) | show 🗑
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| Atomic Structure | show 🗑
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| show | atoms with different #'s of protons
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| show | same element,different # of electrons
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| Isotopes | show 🗑
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| show | Temperature using Wien's Law
Energy Flux using Stefan-Boltzman Law
Luminosity- total energy emitted
Radius- physical size
mass using Kepler's 3rd law
chemical composition from stellar spectra
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| 3 types of spectra | show 🗑
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| Continuum | show 🗑
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| Emission | show 🗑
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| Absorption | show 🗑
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| show | original classes A-Q were merged and re-ordered to current 7 class: (hottest)O B A F G K M (coolest)
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| O | show 🗑
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| B | show 🗑
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| show | temp-10000K Balmer-strong Other lines-Ca Weak
Mass-3.5 Lifetime on MS-440 Myr
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| show | temp-7500K Balmer-Medium Other lines-Ca weak
Mass-1.7 Lifetime on MS-3Gyr
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| G | show 🗑
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| K | show 🗑
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| show | temp-3000K Balmer-very weak Other lines-TiO strong Mass-.5 Lifetime on MS-56 Gyr
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| show | the two stars can both be resolved in a telescope
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| Spectroscopic Binaries | show 🗑
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| show | variations in brightness when one passes in front of the other
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| Astrometric Binaries (not in textbook) | show 🗑
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| show | stars burning H into He in their cores
position on H-R diagram- declining squiggly line
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| show | stars that have exhausted their core H, and burn larger elements
position on H-R Diagram-above line (upper right)
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| types of stars- White dwarfs | show 🗑
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| show | y-axis - (1)Luminosity (2)Radius (3)Luminosity class (4)Absolute Magnitude
x-axis - (1)Temperature (2)Spectral Class (OBAFGKM)(3)B-V Color index
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| show | Ia Bright Supergiants – Rigel (Orion)
Ib Supergiants – Polaris (Ursa Minor)
II Bright Giants – Adhara (Canis Major)
III Giants – Capella (Auriga)
IV Subgiants – Altair (Aquila)
V Main Sequence – Sun
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| show | Width of lines indicate density. Higer density, more collisions in gas, broad lines. Low density, less collisions, narrow lines. Blue – Bright Supergiant, low density
Red – Giant, broader lines, higher density
Black – Main Sequence, very broad lines
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| show | larger the mass the more luminous it is.
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| show | the condition in which the weight bearing down at a particular point within an object is balanced by the pressure within the object. Stars exist in this.
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| 4 fundamental forces-Gravitional | show 🗑
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| show | Charged particles interact, EM radiation, infinite
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| show | cause of B-decay (beta?), radioactivity,small scale 10^-18 m
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| show | holds nuclei together, small scale 10^-15
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| show | The Proton-Proton Chain
1H + 1H -> 2H + e+ + n
2H + 1H -> 3He + g
These both occur twice, then
3He + 3He -> 4He +1H + 1H
Energy is released in 3 Forms:
e+ is a positron
v is a neutrino
(swirl thing) is a Gamma Ray -> carries of the energy from fus
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| anitmatter & annihilation | show 🗑
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| Sun- Radiative & Convective Zones | show 🗑
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| show | the visible surface, only 500km thick
(spectrum>)
Lower ____________- Dense enough to emit light, not so dense that light cannot escape
Continuum
Upper_________- even thinner gas, where some photons are absorbed
Absorption
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| show | prominences-pink color is a blend o the balmer series lines of hydrogen. there's a temperature increase from the chromosphere to the corona
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| show | the sun's crown. A 3 component spectrum:
Absorption–reflection of Sun’s spectrum from dust in corona. Continuum–Lacking absorption lines due to high temps, many collision, and Doppler shifts smearing out the lines. Emission–Line from highly ionized gases
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| solar wind | show 🗑
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| show | the sun's crown. The Gas:
Temperatures range from 500,000 K to 2,000,000 K
Very low density, 1-10 atoms/cm3
Extends for several Solar radii
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| graules | show 🗑
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| supergranules | show 🗑
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| show | dark streaks are large arcs of flame reaching up from surface. just prominences from a different point of view
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| show | jets of plasma reaching from the surface a few earth radii into the corona
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| sunspot | show 🗑
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| show | violent explosions, occur in minutes. 10^9 MT (Megatons of TNT) 3 CLASSES--- C- little effect on earth M-Brief radio blackouts at poles X-global blackouts and intense radiation storms
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| show | Massive Explosions. Plasma sent into solar system (electrons,protons,some He, O,Fe)
10^11kg of material at 1000km/s cause blackouts and geomagnetic storms
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| show | Origin of the Magnetic Field of the Sun (and Earth)CONDUCTING MATERIAL, RAPID ROTATION, CONVECTION. occurs at the bottom of the convective layer
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| Zeeman Effect | show 🗑
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| show | the top of the sun spins slower than the equator. the day at the north pole is 35 days and at the equator it is 25 days
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| babcock model | show 🗑
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| show | the energy producing center. the hottest layer
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| show | lifetime, (weird curly T, Tau)= fuel/rate of consumption. More Massive stars lead shorter lives: More gravity, so they must burn fuel faster to maintain balance
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| Main sequence Lifetime (math) | show 🗑
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| stages of Evolution- Main Sequence | show 🗑
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| stages of Evolution-Red Giant Branch | show 🗑
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| stages of Evolution-Horizontal Branch | show 🗑
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| show | core He burning complete, C & O remain. Temperatures too low for C fusion, C/O core collapses. He burning shell forms. Star becomes a red giant again.
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| show | low mass stars cannot start C burning T< 600MK Strong Stellar Wind carries off mass.
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| show | C/O core continues to contact. Gravitational Potential Energy becomes Thermal Energy. Matter becomes degenerate again.
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| show | happens during the horizontal branch. core temp. increases until it can overcome the electromagnetic repulsion and begin fusion. HELIUM FLASH runaway He burning, lasts for a few minutes HELIUM FUSION INTO CARBON some oxygen can form as well at this stage
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| Electron degeneracy pressure | show 🗑
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| Chandrasekhar Mass Limit | show 🗑
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| star clusters | show 🗑
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| open cluster | show 🗑
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| show | 10^4-10^6 stars. 10-30 parsecs in size. Halo around galaxy. Tightly bound. Made up of old (metal poor) stars, ages similar to age of the Galaxy
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| Classical Nova | show 🗑
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| show | white dwarf star in binary system accretes mass and exceeds the 1.4Mo Limit. Subsonic burning of C/O creates runaway fusion reactions which results in the explosion. serves as a "standard candle" since every Ia event are from stars with identical masses.
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| show | 4 H atoms in -> 1 He atom out
C,N, & O just the catalysts
& gamma ray photons per reaction. (pp chain produces 6 gamma rays)
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| Cepheid Variables | show 🗑
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| Period- Luminosity Relationship | show 🗑
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| show | Cycle of shell burning and core burning continues. Shells of different burning processes surround core
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| show | After Si burning, we have an inert Fe core. We cannot gain energy from Fe fusion. No new round of core burning can take place, so GRAVITY begins to collapse the core.
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| show | 1934 ->The prediction of stars supported by neutron degeneracy (Baade & Zwicky) Mass>1.4 Mo but mass<3 Mo. NEUTON STAR Electrons+protons combine to form neutrons, they run out of room to move around. Neutrons prevent further collapse, much smaller!
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| show | explosions have no H lines and are further classified by Si and He lines. Ia- Si and He Ib- no Si,He Ic no Si, no He
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| types of explosions- Type II | show 🗑
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| Specifics- Type II and Ib, Ic | show 🗑
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| Specifics- Type Ia | show 🗑
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| Core collapse VS Type Ia | show 🗑
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| show | Mass-1.4 to 3 solar masses
radius- 10 km
Density- 10^14 g/cm^3
sugar cube would weigh 100,000,000 tons
very small size and spin very fast, STRONG magnetic field (10^12 G)
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| show | Mass transfer can "spin-up" star to periods of milliseconds
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| X-ray Binary | show 🗑
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| show | similar to "classical" nova, just in X-rays not visible
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| show | Superfluids rotate without viscosity. Flow create by rotation will NEVER slow down. VERy strong dynamo effect
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| show | laws of Physics are the same in all INERTIAL reference frames
(an inertial reference frame is one that moves at a constant velocity NOT accelerating relative to the observer's rest frame)
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| show | the speed of light is CONSTANT and independent of source's speed
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| Special Relativity-Length Contraction | show 🗑
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| Special Relativity- Time Dilation | show 🗑
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| General Relativity | show 🗑
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| Equivalence Principle | show 🗑
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| show | Rs= 2GM/c^2 Schwarzchild solved Einstein's equations to describe the gravity around a singularity. Rs defines the EVENT HORIZON
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| show | All mass collapses to a single point.
No volume implies INFINITE density.
What we know about the Four Fundamental Forces, what we know about PHYSICS, breaks down inside a black hole.
Get to close, and you will become human spaghetti due to tidal forces
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| show | Neutron Star that formed to start explosion, collapses when degeneracy fails.
Black Hole formation releases powerful jets of energy.
Jets detected before light signal of explosion
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| E=mc^2 | show 🗑
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| show | from chapter 11 example problem 68
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| Mass Luminosity Relation | show 🗑
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| luminosity | show 🗑
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| show | core is the hottest then corona then photosphere
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| reconnection | show 🗑
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emilyclawson
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