Lipids
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| show | a lipid is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble ( or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in NONPOLAR ORGANIC SOLVENTS.
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| show | a lipid is characterized based on solubility characteristics.
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| show | Fatty acids, triglycerides, sphingolipids, phosphoacylglycerols, and glycolipids. Lipid-soluble vitamins. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids.
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| show | a hydrolysis reaction that occurs in basic solution.
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| Based on biochemical function, lipids are divided into 5 categories | show 🗑
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| Based on whether or not saponification occurs when a lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution, lipids are divided into 2 categories | show 🗑
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| Membrane lipids are used for what? | show 🗑
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| What is emulsion? | show 🗑
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| Emulsification lipids | show 🗑
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| show | the steroid hormones (like sex the sex hormones or eicosanoids).
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| show | biological waxes such as found in the plant world. Water repellant- Hydrophobic nature- keeps surface of the organism dry. Prevents excessive wetting (birds). Prevents loss of water via evaporation
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| show | Storage lipids (Fats). Fatty acids and health, Waxes, Membrane lipids, Steroids, Lipids as signals; hormones, intracellular messengers, Enzyme cofactors, Pigments.
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| show | chemically reduced, efficient storage, respiration and combustion yield CO2 + H2O.
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| What are Triglycerides? | show 🗑
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| Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with what kind of chian? | show 🗑
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| show | A triester of glycerol with three fatty acids. In most triglycerides, two or three different fatty acid components are present. The hydrophobic character is caused by the long hydrocarbon chains. The triglycerides are insoluble in water.
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| show | a fatty acid is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid. contain an even # of carbon atoms and have a carbon chain that is unbranched. Fatty acids are rarely found free in nature but rather occur as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecules.
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| show | they are characterized as long-chain fatty acids (C12-C26), medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C10) or short chain fatty acids (C4 and C6).
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| How are fatty acids classified? | show 🗑
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| show | no double bonds between carbons in the chain. All single bonds
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| Most natural fatty acids are branched or unbranched? | show 🗑
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| Monounsaturated | show 🗑
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| show | more than one double bond in the alkyl chain.
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| Nomenclature for fatty acids. Consider a-linolenic acid | show 🗑
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| The shape of saturated fatty acids (FA) | show 🗑
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| What is the bond angle of C-C double bonds in a saturated fatty acid? | show 🗑
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| show | It is introduced as a kink in the straight zigzag pattern. With increasing double bonds, the molecule attraction goes down. Therefore, the melting point goes down and decreases with increasing number of C-C double bonds.
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| Unsaturated fatty acids | show 🗑
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| What are the physical properties of fatty acids (FA) and lipids influenced by? | show 🗑
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| Water solubility for fatty acids is a direction function of what? | show 🗑
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| show | carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds). As the carbon chain length increases, melting point increases. This is because of the greater surface area associated with a longer carbon chain.
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| Do saturated FA have higher or lower melting points than unsaturated FA with the same number of carbon atoms? | show 🗑
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| Unsaturated vs saturated fatty acids melting points | show 🗑
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| show | The carbonyl carbon is carbon #1. Carbon #2 is the a-carbon. Carbon #3 is the b-carbon. Carbon # 4 is the g-carbon. Carbon # 5 is the e-carbon. The methyl-terminal (last) carbon is w.
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| PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids. Examples of this | show 🗑
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| show | the body cannot make this on its own. You must eat it.
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| What are the sources of Linoleic Acid | show 🗑
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| show | flax seed oil (linseed oil). Goes rancid easily.
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| Linoleic acid | show 🗑
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| show | linoleic acid had 2 C-C double bonds at 9 and 12 and has omega 6 fatty acid. You figure out the omega 6 by counting down from the opposite end of the carbonyl group.
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| Fatty acids you need to know= Palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid | show 🗑
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| show | mixtures of triacylglycerol molecules in which many different kinds of triacylglycerol molecules are present.
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| show | are composed largely of triacylgylcerols in which saturated fatty acids predominate, although some unsaturated fatty acids are present. Such traicylglycerols can pack closely together thus causing the higher melting points associated with fats.
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| show | larger amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids than those in fats. They cannot pack as tightly together because of bends in their fatty acids and HAVE A LOWER MELTING POINT.
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| What are the characteristics of PURE fats and oils? Like do they have a smell, what color are they? | show 🗑
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| Coconut oil is highly | show 🗑
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| Oils are naturally occurring mixtures of | show 🗑
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| Where are fat and oils taken from? | show 🗑
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| What are energy-storage lipids called? | show 🗑
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| Define triacylglycerol | show 🗑
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| Is triacylglycerols better at storing energy than glycerol? | show 🗑
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| In terms of functional groups, triacylglycerols are | show 🗑
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| show | from the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid.
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| Where can triacylglycerols be found? | show 🗑
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| show | solid
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| show | liquid. Only difference here is the presence of C-C double bond.
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| show | is the portion of a carboxylic acid that remains after the –OH group is removed from the carboxylic carbon atom. R-Cdouble bonded to an O.
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| What is the basic definition of triacylcylerols? What are they made up of in other words? | show 🗑
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| show | possessing both polar and nonpolar groups; that is, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents.
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| Dietary consideration and triacylglycrols. In general, nations whose citizens have high dietary intakes of triacylglycerols(fats and oils) tend to have higher incidences of what kind of diseases? | show 🗑
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| What is a healthy diet? What is the limit of fat to the total of colories in food? | show 🗑
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| Plant oil is high in omega-_____ | show 🗑
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| How are oils useful? What can they be used for in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | triacylglycerol. Thus a dietary fat can be either a fat or an oil.
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| What are considered “bad fats?” | show 🗑
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| What are considered “good fats?” | show 🗑
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| Inuit people have a diet high in fat, but they have a low heart disease risk in the population. The American diet is high in fat too but they have a high risk of heart diseases. Why is this? | show 🗑
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| show | good fat!
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| show | linolEIC and linolenic acid.
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| LinolEIC acid is the primary member of _______? | show 🗑
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| LinolENIC acid is the primary member of _________? | show 🗑
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| show | arachidonic acid. (20-4)
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| Arachidonic acid is the major starting material for ____? | show 🗑
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| show | two additional omega-3. EPA (20-5) and DHA (22-6)
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| EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are important constituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for | show 🗑
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| What are four important triacylglycerol reactions? | show 🗑
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| Hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol is | show 🗑
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| show | an acid or a base.
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| Under basic conditions, the hydrolysis products are | show 🗑
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| show | digestion. The fatty acids are removed from the glycerol.
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| show | In situations where all three fatty acids are removed, the hydrolysis process if referred to as complete hydrolysis.
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| show | if one or more of the fatty acid residues remain attached to the glycerol.
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| What is saponification? | show 🗑
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| show | glycerol and fatty acid salts.
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| What does alkaline mean? | show 🗑
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| Saponification of animal fat is how what is made? | show 🗑
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| What is a micelle? | show 🗑
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| Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves what? And what effect does this have on the melting point? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of carboxyloic acid salt? | show 🗑
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| What is a food produced by partial hydrogenation? | show 🗑
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| Oxidation reaction | show 🗑
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| show | phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol.
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| show | IT IS VERY HELPFUL With FATS!!!
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| show | a phospholipid.
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| What is a phospholipid? | show 🗑
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| show | a phospholipid.
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| show | is a lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group.
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| show | glycerol and three fatty acids.
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| show | glycerol and three fatty acids. The base is NaOH.
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| Complete hydrogenation will change the given triacylglycerol into a triacylglycerol in which | show 🗑
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| Glycerophospholipid consists of what? Is made up of what? | show 🗑
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| Sphingosine consists of what? Is made up of what? | show 🗑
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| show | these are cephalins. Cephalins in high amounts in brain, nerve, and blood clotting membranes.
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| Choline | show 🗑
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| What is the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids? | show 🗑
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| show | plant and animal membranes, which typically consist of 40% -50% phosphoacylglycerols and 50% - 60% proteins.
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| The three most abundant fatty acids in phosphatidic acids are | show 🗑
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| A Sphingophospholipid is a | show 🗑
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| show | hydrolysis and saponification reactions.
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| show | one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
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| The backbone of sphingolipids is a | show 🗑
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| Sphingoglycolipids | show 🗑
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| show | that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate component attached to a sphingosine molecule.
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| show | hydrolysis and saponification.
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| show | for looking up lipids.
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| What are the two ways that cholesterol’s structure differs from other membrane lipids? | show 🗑
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| What is cholesterol? | show 🗑
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| What is a steroid? | show 🗑
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| Within the human body, where is cholesterol found? | show 🗑
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| Cholesterol has how many carbon atoms? | show 🗑
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| Although a portion of the body’s cholesterol is obtained from dietary intake, most of it is biosynthesized by the | show 🗑
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| Typically how mg of cholesterol is synthesized by the body per day? | show 🗑
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| How is cholesterol carried throughout the body? | show 🗑
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| Major function of lipoproteins | show 🗑
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| Four major classes of plasma lipoproteins | show 🗑
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| show | Transport dietary triacylglycerols from intestine to liver and to adipose tissue. **from notes definition- chylomicrons are synthesized in your intestine in response to a meal. This gets it across the cell membrane.
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| show | Transport triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver to adipose tissue.
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| show | takes cholesterol to the tissues.
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| What makes LDL and HDL? What does lipids and proteins have to do with it? | show 🗑
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| show | takes cholesterol to the liver to make bile acids.
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| show | their LDL-receptors are absent or defective. They have extremely high cholesterol levels. They will die of CVD at an early age.
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| **What should the cholesterol levels be for a person?? | show 🗑
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| What are some drugs that are taken for high cholesterol? | show 🗑
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| show | Aid in the digestion of lipids and absorption of vitamins A,E,K, and D vitamins. Use it in excretion of hemoglobin catabolism. Important in excreting in some toxins including drugs and heavy metals.
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| How can we lower total cholesterol (other than statins)? | show 🗑
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| What is the most abundant steroid in the membrane? | show 🗑
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| What does high cholesterol cause? | show 🗑
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| How does one lower their cholesterol? | show 🗑
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| show | prostaglandins are important in inhibiting inflammation . They influence ion transport, participates in uterus contractions in child birth, mediate pain.
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| What are thromboxanes? | show 🗑
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| show | is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. It separates! The cell membrane also controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
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| What is the three types of membrane lipids usually found in cell membranes? | show 🗑
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| show | they are NOT soluble in water. They are insoluble in water. They have one head and two tails. Polar head (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic tails).
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| What is a lipid bilayer? | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane? | show 🗑
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| Proteins are present in the phospholipid bilayer. What is their purpose? | show 🗑
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| show | integral membrane protein-penetrates the cell membrane. and peripheral membrane protein-is a nonpenetrating membrane protein located on the surface of the cell membrane.
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