Lipids
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| show | a lipid is an organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble ( or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in NONPOLAR ORGANIC SOLVENTS.
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| show | a lipid is characterized based on solubility characteristics.
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| show | Fatty acids, triglycerides, sphingolipids, phosphoacylglycerols, and glycolipids. Lipid-soluble vitamins. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids.
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| What is saponification? | show 🗑
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| Based on biochemical function, lipids are divided into 5 categories | show 🗑
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| Based on whether or not saponification occurs when a lipid is placed in basic aqueous solution, lipids are divided into 2 categories | show 🗑
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| Membrane lipids are used for what? | show 🗑
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| What is emulsion? | show 🗑
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| Emulsification lipids | show 🗑
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| Messinger lipids | show 🗑
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| show | biological waxes such as found in the plant world. Water repellant- Hydrophobic nature- keeps surface of the organism dry. Prevents excessive wetting (birds). Prevents loss of water via evaporation
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| show | Storage lipids (Fats). Fatty acids and health, Waxes, Membrane lipids, Steroids, Lipids as signals; hormones, intracellular messengers, Enzyme cofactors, Pigments.
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| Fats and oils are comparable to fossil fuels | show 🗑
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| show | they are storage lipids composed of 3 fatty acids in ester linkages to glycerol. Triglycerides are fats and oils.
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| show | an R chain 4 to 36 carbons long. If R is an alkane, the fatty acid is saturated (SFAs). If R is an alkene, the fatty acid is unsaturated- A single double bond is monounsaturated (MUFAs). More than one double bond is polyunsaturated (PUFAs).
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| Triglyceride | show 🗑
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| show | a fatty acid is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid. contain an even # of carbon atoms and have a carbon chain that is unbranched. Fatty acids are rarely found free in nature but rather occur as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecules.
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| show | they are characterized as long-chain fatty acids (C12-C26), medium-chain fatty acids (C8-C10) or short chain fatty acids (C4 and C6).
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| show | they are classified as saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
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| What is a saturated fatty acid? | show 🗑
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| Most natural fatty acids are branched or unbranched? | show 🗑
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| Monounsaturated | show 🗑
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| Polyunsaturated | show 🗑
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| Nomenclature for fatty acids. Consider palmitic acid 16 | show 🗑
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| show | 18
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| The shape of saturated fatty acids (FA) | show 🗑
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| show | it is 180 degree angle.
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| show | It is introduced as a kink in the straight zigzag pattern. With increasing double bonds, the molecule attraction goes down. Therefore, the melting point goes down and decreases with increasing number of C-C double bonds.
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| show | have ONE carbon-carbon double bond.
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| show | determined by the length and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid carbon.
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| Water solubility for fatty acids is a direction function of what? | show 🗑
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| Melting points for fatty acids are strongly influenced by both | show 🗑
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| show | saturated FA have higher melting points. The greater the degree of unsaturation, the greater the reduction in melting point.
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| show | Because of the bends the double bonds create in the fatty acid structure, it prevents the atoms from packing as close together. So the increase of double bonds will cause unsaturated fatty acids to have lower melting points.
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| show | The carbonyl carbon is carbon #1. Carbon #2 is the a-carbon. Carbon #3 is the b-carbon. Carbon # 4 is the g-carbon. Carbon # 5 is the e-carbon. The methyl-terminal (last) carbon is w.
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| show | Linoleic and linolenic are essential fatty acids. Vertebrates cannot introduce a point of unsaturation at the omega-3 or the omega-6 position.
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| What are essential fatty acids? | show 🗑
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| What are the sources of Linoleic Acid | show 🗑
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| What are the sources of Linolenic Acid | show 🗑
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| Linoleic acid | show 🗑
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| How can you tell Linoleic from linolenic acid? | show 🗑
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| Fatty acids you need to know= Palmitic, stearic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid | show 🗑
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| Fats are naturally occurring mixtures of what? | show 🗑
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| show | are composed largely of triacylgylcerols in which saturated fatty acids predominate, although some unsaturated fatty acids are present. Such traicylglycerols can pack closely together thus causing the higher melting points associated with fats.
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| Oils contain triacylglycerols with…. And what effect does this have on its melting point | show 🗑
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| show | they are colorless and odorless. The warmer body temperatures in living animals keeps the fats somewhat liquid and so they are able to move around.
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| show | saturated. It is a liquid.
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| show | triacylglycerol molecules in which there are many different kinds of triacylglycerol molevules present.
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| show | fat is taken from animals. Oils are usually taken from plants.
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| What are energy-storage lipids called? | show 🗑
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| Define triacylglycerol | show 🗑
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| Is triacylglycerols better at storing energy than glycerol? | show 🗑
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| In terms of functional groups, triacylglycerols are | show 🗑
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| show | from the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid.
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| show | in special cells called adipocytes.
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| show | solid
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| show | liquid. Only difference here is the presence of C-C double bond.
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| show | is the portion of a carboxylic acid that remains after the –OH group is removed from the carboxylic carbon atom. R-Cdouble bonded to an O.
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| show | fats and oils.
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| show | possessing both polar and nonpolar groups; that is, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents.
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| show | heart disease and certain types of cancers.
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| show | 30%
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| show | high in omega-6 fatty acids.5
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| How are oils useful? What can they be used for in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | triacylglycerol. Thus a dietary fat can be either a fat or an oil.
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| show | saturated fats. Can increase the risk of heart disease.
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| What are considered “good fats?” | show 🗑
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| Inuit people have a diet high in fat, but they have a low heart disease risk in the population. The American diet is high in fat too but they have a high risk of heart diseases. Why is this? | show 🗑
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| show | good fat!
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| show | linolEIC and linolenic acid.
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| LinolEIC acid is the primary member of _______? | show 🗑
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| LinolENIC acid is the primary member of _________? | show 🗑
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| Linoleic acid(18-4) is the starting material for the biosynthesis of _______? | show 🗑
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| show | eicosanoid substances that help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions.
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| Linolenic acids is the starting material for the biosynthesis of two additional _____ | show 🗑
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| EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are important constituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for | show 🗑
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| What are four important triacylglycerol reactions? | show 🗑
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| Hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol is | show 🗑
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| Triacylglyercol hydrolysis when carried out in a laboratory setting requires the presence of _____ or a ____ | show 🗑
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| show | glycerols and fatty acids salts.
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| Within the human body, triacylglycerol hydrolysis occurs during the process of _____? | show 🗑
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| show | In situations where all three fatty acids are removed, the hydrolysis process if referred to as complete hydrolysis.
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| show | if one or more of the fatty acid residues remain attached to the glycerol.
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| What is saponification? | show 🗑
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| For fats and oils, the products of saponification are | show 🗑
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| What does alkaline mean? | show 🗑
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| Saponification of animal fat is how what is made? | show 🗑
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| What is a micelle? | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen addition across the C-C multiple bonds which increases the degree of saturation as some double bonds are converted to single bonds. There is an increase in the melting point of the substance.
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| show | soap
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| What is a food produced by partial hydrogenation? | show 🗑
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| show | is the C-C double bonds present in the fatty acid residues of a triacylglycerol are subject to oxidation with molecular oxygen (from air) as the odixizing agent. Such oxidation breaks these bonds, producing both aldehyde and carboxylic acid products.
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| What are the three common types of membrane lipids? | show 🗑
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| CHART ON PG 676! | show 🗑
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| What is the most abundant type of membrane lipid? | show 🗑
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| What is a phospholipid? | show 🗑
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| show | a phospholipid.
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| What is a phospholipid? | show 🗑
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| When a triacylglycerol undergoes complete hydrolysis, there are four organic products. What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | glycerol and three fatty acids. The base is NaOH.
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| Complete hydrogenation will change the given triacylglycerol into a triacylglycerol in which | show 🗑
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| show | 2 fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to a phosphate group. All bonds between groups are ESTER LINKAGES (just like triacylglycerols). It has FOUR ester linkages.
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| Sphingosine consists of what? Is made up of what? | show 🗑
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| show | these are cephalins. Cephalins in high amounts in brain, nerve, and blood clotting membranes.
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| Choline | show 🗑
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| show | Glycerophospholipids, also called phosphoglycerides are the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids.
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| show | plant and animal membranes, which typically consist of 40% -50% phosphoacylglycerols and 50% - 60% proteins.
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| show | palmitic (16-0), stearic (18-0), and oleic (18-1).
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| A Sphingophospholipid is a | show 🗑
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| What kind of reactions does sphingophospholipids participate in? | show 🗑
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| Sphingophospholipids contain | show 🗑
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| show | long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine.
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| show | Contains both a fatty acid and carbohydrate
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| Simple sphingoglycolipids are called cerebrosides, they are lipids that contain | show 🗑
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| show | hydrolysis and saponification.
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| PG 565 CHART IS REALLY GREAT | show 🗑
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| show | 1) there are NO fatty acid residues present and 2) neither glycerol nor sphingosine is present as the platform molecule.
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| show | cholesterol is a steroid.
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| show | a steroid is a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system that involves three 6-membered rings and one 5 membered ring.
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| Within the human body, where is cholesterol found? | show 🗑
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| Cholesterol has how many carbon atoms? | show 🗑
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| show | liver and (to a lesser extent) the intestine.
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| show | 800-100 mg. 1.5 to 2.0 grams
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| How is cholesterol carried throughout the body? | show 🗑
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| Major function of lipoproteins | show 🗑
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| show | Chylomicrons, Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), Low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).
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| Chylomicrons | show 🗑
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| Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) | show 🗑
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| show | takes cholesterol to the tissues.
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| show | the proteins are much more dense than lipids. If there is more proteins, then it is more dense. If more lipids, then less dense.
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| show | takes cholesterol to the liver to make bile acids.
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| People who have Familial Hypercholesterolemia have what wrong with them? | show 🗑
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| show | want less than 200 for cholesterol for the average person.
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| show | STATINS, Zocor, Mevacor, Pravachol, Lipitor.
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| What is the function of bile? | show 🗑
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| How can we lower total cholesterol (other than statins)? | show 🗑
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| show | cholesterol.
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| show | CVD cardiovascular disease and dementia.
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| How does one lower their cholesterol? | show 🗑
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| show | prostaglandins are important in inhibiting inflammation . They influence ion transport, participates in uterus contractions in child birth, mediate pain.
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| What are thromboxanes? | show 🗑
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| show | is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. It separates! The cell membrane also controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
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| show | phospholipids, glycolipid, and cholesterol.
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| show | they are NOT soluble in water. They are insoluble in water. They have one head and two tails. Polar head (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic tails).
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| What is a lipid bilayer? | show 🗑
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| show | they regulate membrane rigidity.
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| show | the proteins are responsible for moving substances such as nutrients and electrolytes across the membrane.
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| There are two types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer | show 🗑
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