WH 1st Quarter Exam
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| What is prehistory? | Time before writing
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| What was australopithecines? Where was she found? | First humanlike creature. Found in southern Africa.
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| What’s the world’s oldest organized religion? | Hinduism
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| How could the discovery of australopithecines, homo erectus and homo sapiens be evidence for the theory of evolution? | It shows that there were different forms of “humans” from different time periods. It shows how things adapt to their environment.
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| What continent was the birthplace of the first homo sapiens sapiens? | Africa
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| How did the first people get to the Americas? | Land bridge that connects Russia and Africa
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| What and when was the Neolithic Revolution? What does Neolithic mean? | When people started to farm. About 8000BCE. Neolithic means new stone.
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| How does increased food and security lead to cultural gains? | When you don’t have to worry about food and security, you can sit back and think about art, religion, laws and other cultural things.
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| Where did ancient Mesopotamia begin? Between which rivers? What was the name of the first civilization there? | Modern day Iraq between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. First civilization there was Sumer.
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| Describe the Code of Hammurabi. How was the law based on “eye for an eye”? | First written code of laws. Eye for an eye meant that you get paid back for any crime you commit.
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| On which river and on which continent was the Ancient Egyptian civilization founded? | Nile in Africa
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| Who was the founder of the Israelites? What was their religion? | King Solomon. Jews. Judaism.
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| Near which river did the earliest Indian civilization begin? | Indus
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| Who was at the top and the bottom of the Caste System? | Top = priests, bottom = untouchables
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| Where was Katal Huyuk? | Turkey. Maybe oldest city ever.
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| What is irrigation? | Moving water to stop floods or use for crops.
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| How did the geography of Greece make them unique? | The mountains isolated them which made them unlike other civilizations.
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| What two works by Homer are the most important in Greek literature? | Iliad and Odyssey
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| Describe Sparta and Athens in one word each. (You must first read the sections on each to answer correctly) | Sparta = war, Athens = democracy
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| What was the name of the war between Athens and Sparta? Who won? | Athens won the Peloponnesian War
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| What does philosophy translate to? | Love of wisdom
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| Put these philosophers in order by who taught who: Aristotle, Plato, Socrates | Socrates taught Plato who taught Aristotle who taught Alexander the Great
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| (Brock will answer) Describe the area controlled by Alexander’s Greece. | All of the eastern Mediterranean and everything it touched
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| In what modern country could you find the ruins of Ancient Rome? | Italy
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| What were the names of the two groups that early Rome was divided into? What did each name mean? | Patricians (rich) Plebeians (poor)
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| What was Pax Romana? Why did it happen? | Peace in Rome
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| What were the Twelve Tables? | First Roman code of laws
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| How did Rome get slaves in their empire? | POWs
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| Jesus taught the Golden Rule, which means… | Treat others like you want to be treated
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| (Brock will answer) Who was the first Pope of the Catholic Church? | Peter
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| Who became the first Christian Emperor of Rome? | Constantine
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| (Brock will answer) How could the first Christian Emperor be responsible for the number of Christians in America today? | He converted most of Europe. Most Americans are of European descent. Therefore, he is responsible for the amount of Christians in the world today, especially in America.
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| (Brock will answer) Why did Rome split? | It became too big to rule.
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| Describe the two Romes that were left after the split? | East – Byzantine Empire – religion was Eastern Orthodox and culture was very Greek – Capital was Constantinople
West – Holy Roman Empire – ruled by the Catholic Church and culture was Roman and European – Capital was Rome
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| Where did Muhammad fit in with Moses and Jesus? | Muslims see Moses and Jesus as previous prophets picked by God. Muhammad is the last prophet in their eyes.
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| List the Five Pillars of Islam. | Pilgrimage, faith, prayer, fasting, charity
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| Describe the land controlled by the Arabs at the height of the Arab Empire. Read carefully section V. on pg. 36. | From Egypt to India. 2nd largest land empire only to the Mongols
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| Who was the great king from Mali? Where did he travel? Why did he travel there? | Mansa Musa went to Mecca for a pilgrimage and brought tons of gold.
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| What was Genghi Khan’s life’s purpose? | To rule the world.
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| What years were known as the middle ages? | 500-1500
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| What does “Pope” mean? | Papa (father)
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| Where did Charlemagne spread his empire to? | Most of western Europe like France and Germany.
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| How did Feudalism work? | Kings gave land to vassals in exchange for them protecting the land. Vassals protected the land and had serfs work the land in exchange for a place to live and a little bit of crops. Most of the crops went to the vassal.
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| What happened in 1215? Why is it important today? | Magna Carta. Great Charter signed by King John. It said nobody, even the king is above the law.
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| Which two groups religions fought during The Crusades? Who ultimately won? | Muslims and Christians. Christians lost many holy cities.
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| What was the name of the empire in Rome when the Catholic Church took over? | Holy Roman Empire
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| What is iconoclasm? | The Holy Roman Empire wanted the Byzantine Empire to stop praying to icons (pictures of saints and holy figures)
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| Who was the most important emperor in the Byzantine Empire? | Justinian
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| Which city did Constantinople become? Why? | Istanbul because the Muslims took it over.
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| What were the people who later became Russians called? | Rus
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| What part of Europe is where most of the major cities in Russia are? | Eastern
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| What is fealty? | The word for how the serfs were bound to their land.
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| What led to the growth in population between 1000 and 1300 in Europe? | New ways of farming
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| What is a money economy? Where did it first take place? | Not bartering, but using currency. Started in ITL.
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| If the Pope controlled the Papal States, what does papal mean? | Pope
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| Why was the Inquisition formed? | To find heretics
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| What percentage of European people died from the Black Plague? | ½
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| Describe what happened in the Great Schism. | Two popes claimed power. One was French one was Italian. Both said the other was the anti-christ.
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| What time period were the middle ages? | 500-1500
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| What does pope mean? | Father
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| What is communion? What is the Eucharist? | Bread and wine/Eucharist is where the bread and wine become the body and blood
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| Describe what happens when someone who is Catholic dies. | Purgatory, heaven or hell.
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| What was the inquisition? | A court to try heretics
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| Describe gothic architecture. | Pointy, holy, stained glass, flying buttresses
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| Describe gothic art. | 2D, holy, no perspective
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| What was guild? What current group is it most like? | Group of workers who do the same thing/ like a union
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| Describe a medieval city. | Stinky, crowded
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| How was the bubonic plague spread? | Rats, boats, silk road
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| What were some effects of the bubonic plague? | Buboes, flu, death
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| Who fought in the 100 Years War? Who won? Who was the girl that fought in it? | ENG v FR, FR Wins with the help of Joan of Arc
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| What does Pope mean? | father
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| If 100 people were living in Europe at the time, how many would have died from the plague? | 50
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| What is another term for middle ages? | Medieval, dark
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| What's another name for trade? | barter
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| What is monasticism? | monks and nuns
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| What is a sacrament? | Holy ritual performed by church
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| What is the literal transformation of the wine and bread into body and wine called? | Transubstantination
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| Describe the inquistion in one word. | court
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| What was the inquisition looking for? | heretics
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| What is heresy? | going against the church
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| what is 500-1500CE? | Middle ages
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| Who is the most important in the Catholic Church? | Pope, then cardinals, then bishops
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| What happens in purgatory? | sins are cleaned
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| List important sacraments. | Communion, eucharist, mass, christening, baptism
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| What are common misconceptions about Catholocism? | Catholics don't pray to marry or to saints, they pray through them.
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| What does Renaissance mean? When did it start? | Rebirth. 1300s
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| What is antiquity? | Based on the word antique. Means old and valuable. In history, it refers to Greece and Rome.
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| In which two ways did eastern or Muslim people lead to the renaissance? | Preserved texts from antiquity, focused themselves on learning.
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| What region/country was where the Renaissance began? Why was it the place? | Northern Italy. It was on the Mediterranean where a lot of trade and cultural interaction happened. Also, it was rich because of the Catholic Church.
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| Finish the quote. The Human is the center __________________________________________________. | And measure of all things
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| Name a rich family that commissioned art in Florence. | Medici
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| Give three aspects of Renaissance art. | Realistic, 3D, about Christianity or antiquity
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| Name the three artists of the High Renaissance and one work by each. | Leonardo – Mona Lisa, Raphael – School of Athens, Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel
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| Who was Gutenberg? Why is he important today? | Invented the moveable type printing press. Made books common in Europe. Was done 400 years earlier in China by Bi Sheng.
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| Who was Machiavelli? Why is he important today? | Wrote The Prince. Talked about how the job of officials is just to stay in power, not to serve the people. It is the basis for modern politics as well.
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| What were four reasons writers criticizes the Catholic Church? | Indulgences, priests couldn't marry, Bible was in foreign language, priests were seen as holy
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| What was Luther’s job? | Monk
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| What is an indulgence? | Donating to the church for time out of purgatory
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| What did Luther do with his 95 Theses? | Nailed them to his church’s door
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| How did the Catholic Church deal with Luther? Describe the Diet of Worms. | He was excommunicated after he did not recant (take back his words).
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| What was the outcome of the Peace of Augsburg? | The Holy Roman Emperor said princes of each part of Germany could choose if their provinces were Protestant or Catholic.
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| How did Luther’s actions affect people that eventually came to America? What is a protestant? | He started Protestantism, which took over much of Europe. Today, in America, most Christians are Protestants.
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| Why did Henry VIII change the religion of all of England? What the new church’s name? | He wanted a boy son and wanted to divorce his wife and try with a new girl. The Pope said the Catholic Church would not allow divorce, so Henry started a new church called the Church of England AKA Anglican Church.
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| Why did “Bloody” Mary hate Protestants? Why was she called “Bloody” Mary? | She blamed Protestants for her and her mother being sent away by her dad, Henry VIII.
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| What did Elizabeth do for England? | She brought at time of peace and cultural growth called the Elizabethan Era. It was when Shakespeare and other greats lived.
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| What four things came out of the Council of Trent? | Church stopped indulgences, ensured Pope was in charge, must have faith AND good works to get to heaven, Bible in vernacular.
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| How were the Jews treated during the wars between the Catholics and Protestants? | Both treated the Jews badly, they forced them into slums called ghettos.
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| Three reasons for exploration? | God, glory, gold
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| Things from Arabs that Europeans took to explore. | Cartography (mapmaking) compass, astrolabe
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| Why was Prince Henry important? | Sponsored first sea exploration
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| Where was Prince Henry from? | Portugal
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| First great exploring country? | Portugal
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| Line of Demarcation | Line that splits the world between SPN and POR
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| Who drew the Line of Demarcation? | Pope
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| What treaty made the Line of Demarcation official? | Treaty of Tordesillas
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| Cortez conquered who and where? | Aztecs in Mexico
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| Pizzaro conquered who and where? | Inca in Peru
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| Portugal controlled what South American country? | Brazil
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| Columbian Exchange named after? | Columbus
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| What was the Columbian Exchange? | Exchange of goods from AME to EUR and vice versa.
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| Stuff from AME to EUR in Columbian Exchange? | Tobacco, tomatoes, potaters, corn
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| Stuff from EUR to AME in Columbian Exchange? | Horses, disease, slaves, guns
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| Where was the Dutch East India Company? | Islands off India
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| Where was the Dutch West India Company? | Caribbean
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| What part of the Americas did England take? | VA and East Coast/Mass
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| What part of the Americas did France take? | Mississippi and Canada
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| What part of the Americas did Spain take? | South America, MEX, FLA
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| What part of the Americas did Netherlands take? | New York
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| Crop that brought slaves to US? | Tobacco
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| First leg of triangle trade? | Manufactured goods to AFR from EUR (guns)
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| Second leg of triangle trade? | Slaves from AFR to AME
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| Second leg of triangle trade called? | Middle Passage
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| Third leg of triangle trade? | AME sending raw materials to EUR
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| Most African slaves were … | POWs Prisoners of war
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| Religion that spread from northern Africa to southern Africa? | Christianity
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| Island nation in Pacific that becomes Muslim? | Indonesia
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| What people in that island nation that became Muslim caused the change? | Traders
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| What were the Moluccas? | Spice Islands
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| Why did Portugal settle the Moluccas? | Spices
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| Why didn't Europe have a big impact on the mainland? | Mainland had stronger government and bigger population than the islands
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| Two main religions on islands in Southeast Asia? | Islam and Catholicism
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| Main religion on mainland in Southeast Asia? | Buddhism
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