Carbrohydrates
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| General formula for a carbohydrate | Cx(H20)y
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| Where are carbohydrates stored? | liver and muscle glycogen
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| Trioses | 3 carbons
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| tetroses | 4 carbons
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| pentoses | 5 carbons
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| hexoses | 6 carbons
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| Disaccharide sugars | maltose, lactose, surcrose
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| Monosaccharide sugars | fructose, galactose, glucose
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| Reducing agents | maltose lactose, fructose,galactose and glucose
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| Is sucrose a reducing agent? | NO
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| Reducing agents must contain ______ and ______ | ketone and an aldehyde group
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| Enzymes | breakdown carbs
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| Amylase | enzyme in saliva
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| pancreatic amylase | produced in the panceas
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| What is the goal of the metabolism of carbohydrates? | to break glucose down into co2+H20+ATP (energy)
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| glycolysis | Anaerobic, good for tissue
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| glycolysis pathway | Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy.
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| Gluconeogenesis Pathway | Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate source
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| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
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| Glycogenesis pathway | 3rd Pathway ! Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
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| Lipogenesis pathway | Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
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| Lipolysis pathway | Decomposition of fat
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| anabolism | building up metabolism
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| catabolism | Breaking down metabolism
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| Insulin | responsible for entry of glucose into the cell increases glycogenesis, glycolysis and lipogenesis Decreases glycogenolysis
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| Glucagon | Responsible for increasing glucose levels increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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| ACTH(cortisol) | increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry into the cell and increasing gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen and lipolysis
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| Epinephrine | Increases plamsa glucose by inhibiting insulin secreation. Increases glycogenolysis and promotes lipolysis
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| GH | Growth Hormone increaases plasma glucose by decreasing the entry of glucose into the cells and increases glycolysis
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | B-cell destruction Absolute insulin deficiency Autoantibodies
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect Relative insulin deficiency
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| Gestational diabetes | Glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to metabolis and hormonal changes
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| Infants born to diabetic mothers | At risk for respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglicemia and hyperbillirubinemia
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| Normal Fasting Glucose | FPG < 100 mg/dL ( 5.6mmol/L )
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| Impaired fasting glucose ( pre-diabetes) | FPG 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L )
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| Provisional diabetes diagnosis | FPG > 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L )
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| Hypoglycemia | Decrease in plasma glucose levels
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| Hyperglycemia | Increase in plasma glucose levels
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| Expected values for CSF glucose | 60-70% of plasma glucose level
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| Glucose oxidase | Serum test
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| Hexokinase | Serum test
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| Clinitest | Urine test for glucose
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| Random |
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | B-cell destruction Absolute insulin deficiency Autoantibodies
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| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect Relative insulin deficiency
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| Gestational diabetes | Glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to metabolis and hormonal changes
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| Infants born to diabetic mothers | At risk for respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglicemia and hyperbillirubinemia
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| Normal Fasting Glucose | FPG < 100 mg/dL ( 5.6mmol/L )
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| Impaired fasting glucose ( pre-diabetes) | FPG 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L )
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| Provisional diabetes diagnosis | FPG > 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L )
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| Hypoglycemia | Decrease in plasma glucose levels
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| Hyperglycemia | Increase in plasma glucose levels
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| Expected values for CSF glucose | 60-70% of plasma glucose level
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| Glucose oxidase | Serum test
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| Hexokinase | Serum test
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| Clinitest | Urine test for glucose
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| Random plasma glucose | Nonfasting >200 mg/dL
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| Fasting plasma glucose | 8-10hr fast >126 mg/dL
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| OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test 2 hrs after 75g glucose loads >200 mg/dL 3 hr 1, 2, 3, hr samples after 75, used for GDM screening only
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| Whole blood glucose | 2 hr post-prandial Daily self monitoring diabetics Less than 11% than plasma 2hr after meal Fasting and 2 hr sample
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