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CHO
Carbrohydrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General formula for a carbohydrate | Cx(H20)y |
| Where are carbohydrates stored? | liver and muscle glycogen |
| Trioses | 3 carbons |
| tetroses | 4 carbons |
| pentoses | 5 carbons |
| hexoses | 6 carbons |
| Disaccharide sugars | maltose, lactose, surcrose |
| Monosaccharide sugars | fructose, galactose, glucose |
| Reducing agents | maltose lactose, fructose,galactose and glucose |
| Is sucrose a reducing agent? | NO |
| Reducing agents must contain ______ and ______ | ketone and an aldehyde group |
| Enzymes | breakdown carbs |
| Amylase | enzyme in saliva |
| pancreatic amylase | produced in the panceas |
| What is the goal of the metabolism of carbohydrates? | to break glucose down into co2+H20+ATP (energy) |
| glycolysis | Anaerobic, good for tissue |
| glycolysis pathway | Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy. |
| Gluconeogenesis Pathway | Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate source |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy |
| Glycogenesis pathway | 3rd Pathway ! Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage |
| Lipogenesis pathway | Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids |
| Lipolysis pathway | Decomposition of fat |
| anabolism | building up metabolism |
| catabolism | Breaking down metabolism |
| Insulin | responsible for entry of glucose into the cell increases glycogenesis, glycolysis and lipogenesis Decreases glycogenolysis |
| Glucagon | Responsible for increasing glucose levels increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
| ACTH(cortisol) | increases plasma glucose by decreasing intestinal entry into the cell and increasing gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen and lipolysis |
| Epinephrine | Increases plamsa glucose by inhibiting insulin secreation. Increases glycogenolysis and promotes lipolysis |
| GH | Growth Hormone increaases plasma glucose by decreasing the entry of glucose into the cells and increases glycolysis |
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | B-cell destruction Absolute insulin deficiency Autoantibodies |
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect Relative insulin deficiency |
| Gestational diabetes | Glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to metabolis and hormonal changes |
| Infants born to diabetic mothers | At risk for respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglicemia and hyperbillirubinemia |
| Normal Fasting Glucose | FPG < 100 mg/dL ( 5.6mmol/L ) |
| Impaired fasting glucose ( pre-diabetes) | FPG 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L ) |
| Provisional diabetes diagnosis | FPG > 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L ) |
| Hypoglycemia | Decrease in plasma glucose levels |
| Hyperglycemia | Increase in plasma glucose levels |
| Expected values for CSF glucose | 60-70% of plasma glucose level |
| Glucose oxidase | Serum test |
| Hexokinase | Serum test |
| Clinitest | Urine test for glucose |
| Random | |
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | B-cell destruction Absolute insulin deficiency Autoantibodies |
| Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 | Insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect Relative insulin deficiency |
| Gestational diabetes | Glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to metabolis and hormonal changes |
| Infants born to diabetic mothers | At risk for respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglicemia and hyperbillirubinemia |
| Normal Fasting Glucose | FPG < 100 mg/dL ( 5.6mmol/L ) |
| Impaired fasting glucose ( pre-diabetes) | FPG 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L ) |
| Provisional diabetes diagnosis | FPG > 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L ) |
| Hypoglycemia | Decrease in plasma glucose levels |
| Hyperglycemia | Increase in plasma glucose levels |
| Expected values for CSF glucose | 60-70% of plasma glucose level |
| Glucose oxidase | Serum test |
| Hexokinase | Serum test |
| Clinitest | Urine test for glucose |
| Random plasma glucose | Nonfasting >200 mg/dL |
| Fasting plasma glucose | 8-10hr fast >126 mg/dL |
| OGTT | Oral glucose tolerance test 2 hrs after 75g glucose loads >200 mg/dL 3 hr 1, 2, 3, hr samples after 75, used for GDM screening only |
| Whole blood glucose | 2 hr post-prandial Daily self monitoring diabetics Less than 11% than plasma 2hr after meal Fasting and 2 hr sample |
Created by:
Sdevries0982
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