Cell Bio ch 5
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| DNA ---> RNA ---> protein | show 🗑
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| show | Transcription
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| show | Translation
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| What is the genetic material? | show 🗑
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| What is all of the DNA in the cell referred to as? | show 🗑
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| Passed from one generation to the next; gives us our particular characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | Genes
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| show | Replication
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| A gene is used to make an RNA molecule | show 🗑
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| One strand of DNA is _____ to make two identical strands | show 🗑
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| Copy of a structural gene | show 🗑
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| show | mRNA
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| show | tRNA
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| Involved in process of translation (carries amino acids to the ribosome) | show 🗑
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| Copy of an rRNA gene | show 🗑
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| Makes up part of the ribosome | show 🗑
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| show | Ribosome
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| show | Amino acids
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| DNA is useful as the genetic material mainly because of its _____; easy to copy | show 🗑
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| show | Double helix
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| show | Pyrimidine
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| Double ring containing A and G | show 🗑
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| What is the sugar in DNA? | show 🗑
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| DNA is made up of a _____ ring, _____, and a _____ group | show 🗑
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| The backbone of DNA is what? | show 🗑
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| show | The backbone
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| show | Two
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| How many hydrogen bonds do G and C form? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrogen
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| What holds the two DNA strands together? | show 🗑
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| If the sequence of two strands of DNA is such that they can H-bond along their full length, then they are _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Complementary
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| show | Sugar-phosphate
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| Free phosphate group on 5' carbon | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphate
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| Free hydroxyl group on 3' carbon | show 🗑
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| show | Hydroxyl
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| show | Anti-parallel
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| How many base pairs are in one full turn of the helix? | show 🗑
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| There are _____ Angstroms per base pair (rise) | show 🗑
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| show | 34
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| Bigger indentation in DNA | show 🗑
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| show | Minor groove
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| Eukaryotes have many _____ chromosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Chromatin
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| What kind of chromosomes are very long and wrapped around proteins (histones) and packaged in an orderly fashion? | show 🗑
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| show | Bacteria
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| show | Bacterial chromosome
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| show | 50, 250
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| show | 3.2 x 10^9
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| How many copies of the human genome do we have? | show 🗑
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| The entire genome, stretched out, would be about _____ meters long (this is in EVERY cell) | show 🗑
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| show | Genome
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| Individual, linear segments (millions of base pairs) | show 🗑
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| Humans have _____ individual chromosomes and two copies of each, giving us a total of _____ chromosomes | show 🗑
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| Smaller segments (portions) of chromosomes (thousands of base pairs) | show 🗑
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| show | 25,000
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| Humans have 22 different _____ | show 🗑
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| Chromosomes that don't determine sex; we have two copies of each (one from mom, one from dad) | show 🗑
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| show | Diploid
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| show | Sex
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| show | Females
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| XY are the sex chromosomes for... | show 🗑
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| show | Homologous
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| show | Homologous chromosomes
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| show | X and Y
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| show | Karyotype
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| show | Karyotype
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| One chromosome breaks and attaches to the end of another | show 🗑
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| More than two copies of a chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | Genome size
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| Eukaryotic genomes are usually much _____ than bacterial genomes | show 🗑
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| show | Smaller
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| show | Correlation
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| show | Compact
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| Eukaryotes have lots of _____ in between genes, frequently called "junk DNA" | show 🗑
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| Many scientists believe the sequence isn't important, but the spacing is | show 🗑
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| During the cell cycle: everything except mitosis | show 🗑
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| Dispersed chromosomes (less condensed); individual chromosomes can't be distinguished using a light microscope | show 🗑
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| show | Mitosis
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| show | Centromere
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| show | Origin of replication
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| End of the chromosome; allows the ends to be replicated and also provides a "cap" that marks the ends as ends (rather than breaks) | show 🗑
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| show | Less
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| Regions with genes that are silent are _____ condensed; no access needed | show 🗑
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| Nucleotide sequence of DNA that control a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism | show 🗑
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| Encodes an RNA molecule (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc.) | show 🗑
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| show | 1 x 10^4 to 5 x 10^5
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| Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | Nuclear pores
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| Allow some molecules to pass through nuclear envelope; passage is regulated | show 🗑
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| show | Nuclear lamina
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| Gives structural support for the nuclear membrane | show 🗑
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| Abnormal nucleus shape is present in patients with mutations in _____ _____ proteins (causes disease called progeria) | show 🗑
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| show | Discrete
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| Area where genes for ribosomal RNA cluster (rRNA is synthesized) | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus
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| Stretched out, the DNA in our cells would be about _____ meters long | show 🗑
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| The nucleus is usually less than _____ micrometers | show 🗑
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| DNA is condensed through association with _____ proteins | show 🗑
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| show | Histones, non-histone proteins
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| show | Condensed
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| What are the five main histones? | show 🗑
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| show | Histones
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| What histones make up a histone octamer? | show 🗑
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| show | Histone octamer
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| show | Lysine, arginine
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| show | Lysine, arginine
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| The DNA makes _____ turns around the histone octamer | show 🗑
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| How many base pairs of DNA are wrapped around each histone octamer? | show 🗑
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| The DNA and histone octamer complex is known as... | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleosome
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| Regions of RNA in between nucleosome core particles | show 🗑
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| show | Can vary - usually a few to 80 base pairs
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| show | Nuclease
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| Short digestion times: nuclease breaks down only _____ region, which frees individual nucleosome core particles | show 🗑
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| Region of core histones that extend out of the nucleosome | show 🗑
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| show | Histone tails
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| Areas with no genes (centromeres and telomeres) are very highly _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Formation of nucleosomes
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| show | 1/3
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| HISTONES: also known as "linker" histone | show 🗑
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| HISTONES: binds the linker region in between nucleosome core particles | show 🗑
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| HISTONES: thought to bring individual nucleosome core particles together | show 🗑
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| show | H1 histone
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| show | 30 nm fiber
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| Individual nucleosomes packed close together | show 🗑
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| show | 30 nm fiber
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| The 30 nm fiber is folded into a series of _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina
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| show | Gene expression
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| show | Replication
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| DYNAMIC CHROMATIN STRUCTURE: other times, proteins need access to _____ DNA damage | show 🗑
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| show | Chromatin remodeling complexes
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| show | Hydrolysis
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| The overall result of chromatin remodeling complexes is that nucleosomes are _____ | show 🗑
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| show | Chromatin remodeling complexes
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| Reversible COVALENT modification; N-terminus | show 🗑
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| Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation done by enzymes present in the nucleus | show 🗑
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| RESULTS OF HISTONE MODIFICATION: "_____" positive charges on the histone tails (might make 30nm fiber less tightly packed) | show 🗑
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| show | Code
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| RESULTS OF HISTONE MODIFICATION: sometimes used to "_____" regions of chromatin (newly replication, etc.) | show 🗑
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| show | Histone code
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| show | Enzymes
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| show | Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)
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| show | Regulated
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| show | Reversible
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| Usually doesn't contain any genes; stains dark; usually ~10% of a chromosome | show 🗑
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| show | Heterochromatin
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| show | Euchromatin
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| show | Interphase
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| show | Genes
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| Tends to spread; modified regions attract enzymes that modify histone tails in adjacent regions | show 🗑
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| show | Heterochromatin
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| show | Positive effects
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| show | Inherited
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| Marks on genome (DNA/chromatin) that affect gene expression but DO NOT change the DNA sequence | show 🗑
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| _____ modifications are one type of epigenetic regulation and inheritance | show 🗑
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stephanielynhannigan