Sensation and Perception
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| In video games and virtual environments, a persona that a person uses to play or otherwise interact with the environment | Avatar
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| The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system | Sensation
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| The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world | Perception
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| The minimal amount of energy that can produce a sensation | Absolute threshold
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| A person who studies the relationships between physical stimuli (such as light or sound) and their perception | Psychophysicist
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| The highness or lowness of a sound as determined by the frequency of the sound waves | Pitch
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| Sensory stimulation that is below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception | Subliminal Stimulation
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| The minimal difference in intensity required between two sources of energy so that they will be perceived as different | Difference Threshold
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| The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived | Weber's Constant
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| The minimal amount by which a source of energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived | Just Noticeable Difference (jnd)
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| Signal-Detection Theory | The view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors
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| Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as lines or edges of objects | Feature Detectors
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| The processes by which organisms become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that are constant or ongoing to magnitude | Sensory Adaptation
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| The type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude; also called positive adaptation | Sensitization
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| The type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli; also called negative adaptation | Desensitization
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| The part of the electromagnetic spectrum from stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations | Visible Light
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| The color of light as determined by its wavelength | Hue
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| Transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball | Cornea
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| A muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye | Iris
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| The apparently black opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye | Pupil
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| A transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina | Lens
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| The area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones | Retina
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| Cells that respond to light | Photoreceptors
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| Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells | Bipolar Cells
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| Neurons whose axons form the optic nerve | Ganglion Cells
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| The nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain | Optic Nerve
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| Rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light | Rods
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| Cone-shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color | Cones
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| An area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute | Fovea
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| The area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve | Blind Spot
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| Sharpness of vision | Visual Acuity
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| A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens | Presbyopia
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| The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones | Dark Adaptation
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| Descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combines produce white or nearly white light | Complementary
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| The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed | Afterimage
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| The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red light, some to green, and some to blue | Trichromatic Theory
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| The theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some only to the intensity of light | Opponent-Process Theory
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| A person with normal color vision | Trichromat
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| A person who is sensitive to black ad white only and hence color-bline | Monochromat
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| A person who is sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow and hence partially color-blind | Dichromat
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| The tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole | Closure
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| the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns | Perceptual Organization
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| Having two or more possible meanings | Ambiguous
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| Nearness; the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another | Proximity
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| The perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in apearance | Similarity
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| The tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity | Continuity
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| The tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together | Common Fate
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| The use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern to organize parts of the pattern | Top-Down Processing
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| The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose | Bottom-Up Processing
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| Sensations that give rise to misperceptions | Illusions
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| The tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving | Autokinetic Effect
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| A visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapic succession | Stroboscopic Motion
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| The perception of movement as a result of sequential presentation of visual stimuli | Phi Phenomenon
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| Stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye | Monocular Cues
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| A monocular cue for depth base on the convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance | Perspective
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| A monocular cue for depth based on the fact that nearby object obscures a more distant object behind it | Interposition
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| A monocular cue for depth based on the fact that opaque objects block light and produce shadows | Shadowing
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| A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces | Texture Gradient
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| A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion | Motion Parallax
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| Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes | Binocular Cues
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| A binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away | Retinal Disparity
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| A binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus on an object that is drawing nearer | Convergence
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| The tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal image changes according to the object's distance | Size Constancy
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| The tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance | Color Constancy
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| The tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity | Brightness Constancy
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| The tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates | Shape Constancy
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| Having to do with hearing | Auditory
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| A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves; one equals one cycle per second | Hertz (Hz)
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| A unit expressing the loudness of a sound | Decibel (dB)
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| A thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves, transmitting the waves to the middle and inner ears | Eardrum
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| The inner ear; the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti | Cochlea
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| A membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea | Basilar Membrane
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| The receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea | Organ of Corti
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| The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain | Auditory Nerve
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| The forms of deafness in which there is loss of conduction of sound through the middle ear | Conductive Deafness
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| The theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound | Place Theory
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| The theory that the pitch of a sound is reflected in the frequency of the neural impulses that are generated in response to the sound | Frequency Theory
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| The forms of deafness that result from damage to hair cells or the auditory nerve | Sensorineural Deafness
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| A complex quality of food and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well as their taste | Flavor
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| Having to do with the sense of smell | Olfactory
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| The nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain | Olfactory Nerve
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| Receptor cells that are sensitive to taste | Taste Cells
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| The sensory organs for taste; they contain taste cells and are located on the tongue | Taste Buds
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| The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the person will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions | Two-Point Threshold
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| The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies | Kinesthesis
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| The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies' positions relative to gravity | Vestibular Sense
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| Structures of the inner ear that monitor body movement and position | Semicircular Canals
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