Chapter 10
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| Loss of speech | aphasia
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| Passes in less than an hour but could be indicative of a more serious stroke about to take place | Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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| Controls motor function, memory, and behavior | Frontal Lobe
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| Interprets nerve impulses from receptors | Parietal Lobe
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| Responsible for eyesight | Occipital Lobe
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| Controls hearing and smell and processes new information | Temporal Lobe
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| Afraid of having a panic attaack | Agrophobia
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| Afraid of spiders | Arachnophobia
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| Carry impulses toward the brain | Ascending nerve tracts
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| Carry impulses away from the brain | Descending nerve tracts
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| A nerve center made up of a cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS (The CNS is the brain and spinal cord) | Ganglion
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| A network of interseting spinal nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels | Plexus
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| Inflammation of the brain and the meninges | Encephalomeningitis
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| A very contagious viral disease of spinal cord | Poliomyelitis
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| A less severe form of autism | Asperger's Syndrome
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| Also known as "lock jaw" is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the Central Nervous System caused by a toxin. | Tetanus
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| This system includes the brain and spinal cord. The function is to receive and process info, and to regulate all bodily activity | Central Nervous System
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| Includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord. The function is to transmit nerve signals to, and from, the Central Nervous System | Peripheral Nervous System
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| One or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body | Nerve
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| A bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the bran or spinal cord | Tract
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| Sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation. They send the stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation | Receptors
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| Anything that excites a nerve and causes an impulse. | Stimulus
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| A wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons | Impulse
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| An automatic, involuntary response to some change,either inside or outside the body | Reflex
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| Basic cells of the Nervous System that allow different parts of the body to communicate with eachother | Neurons
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| Root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body | Dendrites
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| A structure that extends out from the cell body | Process
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| A process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. | Axon
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| Means toward | Afferent
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| Means away from | Efferent
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| Also known as sensory neurons, these neurons emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain | Afferent Neurons
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| Also known as associative neurons,these neurons link sensory and motor neurons | Connecting Neurons
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| Also known as motor neurons, these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands | Efferent Neurons
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| Branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse | Terminal End Fibers
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| Space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ | Synapse
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| Released at some synapses in the spinal cord and a neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action | Acetylcholine
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| Released within the brain. It is believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's Disease | Dopamine
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| Naturally occuring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain | Endorphins
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| Released at synaptic nerve endings, responds to hypotension and physical stress | Norepinephrine
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| Released to the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition | Serotonin
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| Provide support and protection for neurons, and their four main functions are: (1) to surround neurons, (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, (3) Insulate one neuron from another, and (4) To destroy and remove dead neurons | Glial Cells
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| Protective covering made up of glial cells. Forms the white matter of the brain and covers some parts of the spinal cord and the axon of most peripheral neves | Myelin Sheath
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| White Matter means | Myelinated
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| Gray Matter means | Unmyelinated
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| System of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous | Meninges
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| Resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater. | Arachnoid membrane
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| The third layer of the meninges, is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord. | Pia Mater
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| Also known as spinal fluid is produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| Largest and uppermost porton of the brain. Responsible for all thought, judgement, memory, and emotion | Cerebrum
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| Pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain | Cerebral
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| Relays sensory stimuli from the spinal cord and midbrain to the cerebral cortex | Thalamus
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| Controls vital bodily functions | Hypothalamus
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| Coordinates muscular activity and balance for smooth and steady movements | Cerebellum
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| Controls the functions necessary for survival(breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure), and for arousal | Brainstem
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| Provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain. Controls reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in response to visual and auditory stimuli | Midbrain and Pons
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| Connected to the spina cord. Controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure. | Medulla
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| controls the involuntary actions of the body such as the functioning ofinternal organs In order to maintain homeostasis within the body, each division balances the activity of the other division. | Autonomic Nervous System
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| prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles | sympathetic nervous system `
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| returns the body to normal after a response to stress ( Figure 10.11 ). It also maintains normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not emotionally or physically stressful. | parasympathetic nervous system
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| a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery | anesthesiologist
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| medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician | anesthetist
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| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system | neurologist
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| physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system. | A neurosurgeon
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| Holds an advanced degree, but is not a medical doctor. This specialist evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness | Psychologist
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| Also known as a headache, is pain in the head | Cephalalgia
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| Intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with the tearing of eyes and nasal congestion | Cluster headaches
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| A congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull | Encephalocele
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| Lock jaw, an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin. | Tetanus
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| Memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences. Can be caused by a brain injury, illness, or a psychological disturbance | Amnesia
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| Blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain | Traumatic Brain Injury
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| Injury within the skull near the point of impact, such as hitting the windshield in an auto accident | Coup
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| Described also as a counter blow is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact | Contrecoup
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| An unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts | Stupor
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| A type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles, due to severe damage to certain areas of the brain, the person is unconscious even when appearing to be awake | Persistent Vegetative State
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| Prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep | Insomnia
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| Sufficient lack of restorative sleep over cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks | Sleep Deprivation
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| Tumor of the spinal cord | Myelosis
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| Also known as pinched nerve, is an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness. | Radiculitis
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| Nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk | Lumbar Radiculopathy
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| Sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time | Seizure
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| Neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them. | Restless Legs Syndrome
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| Are important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography(CT)
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| Also known as a spinal tap is the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space if the lumbar region to withdraw fluid | Lumbar Puncture
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| Is a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic | Amobarbital
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| Depresses the CNS and usually produces sleep | Hypnotic
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| Administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy | Anticonvulsant
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| A class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effort on the CNS | Barbiturates
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| A barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant | Phenobarbital
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| Depresses the CNS to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep | Sedative
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| Absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic | Anesthesia
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| Numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid,ointment, or spray | Topical anesthesia
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| Causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area | Local anesthesia
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| Temporary interruption of nerve condition, is produced by injecting, an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked | Regional anesthesia
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| Produced by injecting an anesthetic into the subarachnoid space that is located below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that surrounds the spinal cord | Spinal anesthesia
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| Involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered by inhalation or intravenous injection | General anesthesia
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| Surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that can not be controlled with medication | Lobectomy
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| A surgical incision into the thalamus | Thalamotomy
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| Surgical repair of a nerve or nerves | Neuroplasty
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| Surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve | Neurorrhaphy
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| Surgical incision or the dissection of a nerve | Neurotomy
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| Characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age. | Attention Deficient Disorder (ADD)
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| Disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value | Kleptomania
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| A disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting | Pyromania
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| Condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes ranging from highs and severe lows that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function | Bipolar Disorder
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| Abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgement, and inappropriate social behavior | Manic behavior
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| Administered to prevent or relieve depression | Antidepressant
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| Administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders | Antipsychotic drug
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| Administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension Also known as antianxiety drug or tranquilizer | Anxiolytic drug
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| Used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders | Mood stabilizing drugs
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| Used as medications to control pain, and to treat narcolepsy and attention disorders | Psychotropic drug
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| Works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase the concentration and wakefulness | Stimulant
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| Based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior | Psychoanalysis
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| Focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes | Behavioral Therapy
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| Focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions | Cognitive Therapy
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| The use of hypnosis to produce a relaxed state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions | Hypnotherapy
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| Characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease | Somatoform Disorder
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