Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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| Mental activity involved in understanding, processing, and communicating information. | Cognition
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| Paying attention to information, mentally representing it, reasoning about it, and making decisions about it. | Thinking
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| A mental category that is used to class together objects, relations, events, abstractions, ideas, or qualities that have common properties. | Concept
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| A concept of a category of objects and events that serves as a good example of the category. | Prototype
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| A specific example. | Exemplar
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| A systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied (usually with math problems). | Algorithm
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| An algorithm for solving problems in which each possible solution is tested according to a particular set of rules. | Systematic Random Search
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| Rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems (but is not full-proof). | Heuristics
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| A heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaulating the difference between the current situation and the goal. | Means-end Analysis
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| An internal image or visual representation that is used in thinking and memory. | Mental Image
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| The tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that was successfully used with similar problem. | Mental Set
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| In Gestalt psychology, a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permit its solution (Ex: Kohler's monkey) | Insight
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| In problem solving, a process that may sometimes occur when we stand back from a frustrating problem for a while and the solution "suddenly" appears. (Ex: Backing off in an argument) | Incubation
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| The tendency to view an object in terms of its name of familiar usage (Ex: using a stapler as a paper weight). | Functional Fixedness
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| The influence of wording, or the context in which information is presented, on decision making (Making a decision with two identical cars). | Framing Effect
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| Who was David Premack? What did he study? Who was his famous experiment? | Worked with apes to see if they could associate shapes with words. "Sarah." Raised question about whether apes could reason or not.
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| Having to do with the meanings of words and symbols. | Semantic
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| The communication of information by means symbols arranged according to rules of grammar. | Language
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| Meaning of words. The quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas. | Semanticy
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| The view that language structures the way we view the world (very specific to culture). | Linguistic-Relativity Hypothesis
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| A single word used to express complex meanings (ex:"milk".) | Holophrase
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| Two-word sentences (ex: "want milk") | Telegraphic Speech
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| The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections (past tense and purals) to irregular verbs and nouns (children do not realize their exceptions and concepts). | Overregularization
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| The view that language learning involves an interactions between environmental factors and an inborn tendency to acquire language. | Pyscholinguistic Theory
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| In psycholinguistic theory, neural "prewiring" that facilitates the child's learning of grammar. | Language acquisition device (LAD)
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| Who was Noam Chomsky? What was his idea? | Developed the idea of LAD- Environmental factors have influence on language learning.
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| A general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience (adaptive). | Intelligence
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| g | Spearman's symbol for general intelligence, which he believed underlay more specific abilities.
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| s | Spearman's sybol for specific factors, or s factors, whcih he believed accounted for individal abilities.
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| A statistically technique that allows researchers to determine the relationships among large number of items, such as test items. | Factor Analysis
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| According to Thurstone, the 8 basic abilities that make up intelligence. | Primary Mental Abilities
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| Gardner's view that there are several are several intellegences, not just one. | Theory of Multiple Intelligence
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| At age 60, what falls apart that makes reaction time longer? | Myeline Sheath
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| Sternburg's theory that intelligence has three prongs, consisting of analytical, creative, and practical intelligence ("street smarts"). | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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