Chemical Bonding
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| the number of electrons found in the outermost energy level of an atom---in the s and p orbitals | valence electrons
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| electrons within an atom responsible for chemical bonding | valence electrons
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| when sodium combines chemically with chlorine, how does sodium become more stable | by losing an electron to chlorine the atom becomes a positive ion and has a total of 8 valence electrons
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| when chlorine combines chemically with sodium, how does chlorine become more stable | by gaining an electron the atom becomes a negative ion with a total of 8 valence electrons
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| when a neutral atom loses an electron the atom is transformed into __________ | a positive ion
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| a positive ion is called a ________ | cation
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| when a neutral atom gains an electron the atom is transformed into _________ | a negative ion
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| a negative ion is called an | anion
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| the Lewis structure for sodium chloride is | [Na]^+[Cl]^-
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| an ion is formed when an atom either __________ or ____________ an electron | loses, gains
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| in the formation of sodium chloride, what keeps the ions together | the attraction the positively charged ion has for the negatively charged ion and vice versa
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| an _______________ is formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another atom | ionic bond
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| atoms held together by ionic bonds form a ________ __________ | crystal structure
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| explain how magnesium and fluorine combine chemically | the metallic atom will transfer a total of two electron. one electron will be transferred to two separate fluorine atoms. the nonmetal atoms become negatively charged and the other atom becomes a positive ion
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| Why do atoms transfer and accept ions from each other | to fulfill the octet rule meaning that the atom or ion has at least 8 valence electrons
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| what is the octet rule | atoms combine chemically in order to have a full outside energy level or have at least 8 electrons in the outside energy level
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| by what process is a fluorine molecule formed | the two f atoms have 7 valence electrons, six electrons are paired and one unpaired. by the sharing the tow unpaired electrons both atoms in effect have 8 electrons in the outside energy level
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| the ___________ _________ represent a pair of electrons being shared between two atoms | bond line
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| the electrons within an atom that are not involved in the bonding process are called the _________ ______ | none bonding pair
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| the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms is called ________ ________ | covalent bonding
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| a covalent compound is sometimes called a _______ ________ | molecular compound
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| ionic compounds are not made of ___________ | molecules
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| what must happen in order for two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom to form a molecule | the carbon atom has two pairs of shared electrons with each oxygen atom
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| draw the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide molecule |
O=C=O
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| when two atoms share a total of 4 electrons (two pairs of shared electrons) the bond is called a ________ | double bond
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| when two atoms share a total of 6 electrons (three pairs of shared electrons) the bond is called a ______ | triple bond
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| list the steps involved in writing a Lewis structure | 1. count the number of valence electrons involved for each atom in the compound.
2. determine the number of needed electrons for full octets
3. needed electrons - valence electrons then divide by 2-----gives you the total number of bonds needed in t
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| compound forming crystals | ionic compounds
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| compound having high melting and boiling points | ionic compounds
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| compounds that shatter when struck | ionic compounds
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| compounds that are soluble in water | ionic compounds
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| compounds that are electrolyte | ionic compounds
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| substance that dissolve in water releasing ions and conducting electricity | electrolytes
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| compounds that are not electrolyte | covalent compounds
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| compounds that are gases, liquids or solids | covalent compounds
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| compounds that generally don't dissolve in water | covalent compounds
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| compounds that are often flammable | covalent compounds
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| metals have __________ electrons | free mobile
valence
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| metals form a weak ________ ________ similar to ionic compounds | crystalline structure
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| because of the weak crystalline structure of metals, the metal itself can be considered to be ___________ and ___________ | malleable, ductile
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| mixtures composed of two or more elements (usually metals) are known as ____________ | alloys
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| alloys have properties that are often ___________ to those of their component elements | superior
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| compounds that are flammable are usually __________ compounds | covalent
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| atoms that share electrons equally form a _________ bond | nonpolar covalent
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| atoms that share electrons unequally, form a ________ bond | polar covalent
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| the bond formed by the sharing of a single pair of electrons is called a __________ bond | single covalent
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| the bond formed by the sharing of 2 pairs of electrons is called a ____________ bond | double covalent
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| the atoms held together by sharing electrons are joined by ___________________ . | covalent bond
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| a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bond is a _______________ | molecule
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| a compound composed of molecules is called a ______ | molecular compound
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| _______________________ compounds tend to have relatively lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds | molecular compound
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| a _________________ shows how many atoms of each element a molecule contains | molecular formula
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| in covalent bonds, electron sharing usually occurs so that atoms attain the ________________ of noble gases | electron configuration
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| a pair of valence electrons that is not shared between atoms is called an ________________ | unshared pair
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| a _________________________________________ is a covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons. | coordinate covalent bond
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| a _________________________ is a tightly bound group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and behaves as a unit | polyatomic ion
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| the energy required to break the bond between two covalently bonded atoms is known as the _____________________________________ | bond dissociation energy
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| a large bond dissociation energy corresponds to a stong __________________ | covalent bond
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| a _____________________- is a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion. | resonance structure
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| the octet rule cannot be satisfied in molecules whose total number of valence electrons is and _____________________ | odd number
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| when two atoms combine, it is assumed that their atomic orbitals overlap to produce a _______________, or orbitals that apply to the entire molecule | molecular orbitals
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| a molecular orbital that can be occupied by two electrons of a covalent bond is called a __________________ | bonding orbitals
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| when two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbital that is symmetrical around the axis connecting the tow atomic nuclei, a ________________is formed | sigma
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| ___________________ bond can be formed when 2 s or 2 orbitals overlap | sigma
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| in a ___________________, the bonding electrons are most likely to be found in sausage-shaped regions above and below the bond axis of the bonded atoms | pi bonds
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| which type of molecular bond is considered to be the weakest | pi bonds
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| in _____________________, several atomic orbitals mix to form the same total number of equivalent hybrid orbitals. | hybridization
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| ____________________ bonds are attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom | hydrogen
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| ____________________- bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces. | hydrogen
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