PA: Ultrasound
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| Does US have more proof with human or animal studies? | Animal
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| What frequency is US? | Anything above 20,000 Hz
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| Definition of frequency | Number of oscillations a molecule undergoes during one second
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| Definition of hertz | measurement of sound waves
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| What is 1 Hz? | 1 cycle/second
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| What is the wavelength? | Distance between two successive peaks in the pressure wave
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| What is US? | Form of acoustic energy requiring a medium when treating human tissue
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| How does US work? | Sound waves "bump" into adjacent molecules, transfer energy and continues
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| What is the positive pressure phase of US considered? | Compression
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| What is the negative pressure phase of US considered? | Dispersion
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| What is the piezoelectricity? | Crystals generate electric voltage when mechanically compressed or expanded
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| What is the reverse piezoelectric effect? | Voltage is applied and the crystal can compress and expand
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| What type of wave are US waves? | Chemical pressure waves
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| How deep does 1 MHz go? | >2cm below skin
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| How deep does 3 MHz go? | 1-2cm
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| What is the duty cycle? | Fraction of time during a single pulse period that the beam of sound is present
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| What is the intensity? | Strength of power or quantity of energy produced by US transducer
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| What is power measured in? | Watts
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| Is power uniform across an US transducer? | No
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| Wat is the effective radiating area? | Actual cross-sectional area of the US beam exiting metal end plate
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| What is the beam non-uniformity ratio? | Ratio between spatial peak intensity and spatial average intensity
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| What is the lowest acceptable beam non-uniformity ratio? | 6:1
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| What types of waves do gases and liquids have? | Longitudinal waves
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| What direction are gases and liquids to the direction of energy flow? | Parallel
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| What types of waves do solids have? | Longitudinal and transverse waves
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| What direction are solids to the direction of the energy flow? | Perpendicular
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| What are the majority of tissues in the body? | Gases and liquids
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| What is the only tissue to get a transverse wave? | Bone
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| What is acoustic impedence? | Materials ability to transmit sound and density of structure of material
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| If a AI is low, what is the transmission, what does this mean, and what is an example? | Low AI = High transmission = material absorbs little sound
Ex: Blood
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| If a AI is high, what is the transmission, what does this mean, and what is an example? | High AI = Low transmission = material absorbs more, not letting things through
Ex: Bone
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| When does reflection and refraction occur? | When energy is transmitted through materials of differing impedances
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| What happens with sound waves from subcutaneous tissue to muscle? | Some reflection back to subcutaneous tissue
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| What happens with sound waves from muscle to bone? | Way more reflected back to muscle
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| Which heats up faster, tendons and ligaments or muscle? | Tendons and ligaments
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| Why do tendons and ligaments heat up faster? | High collagen content
Avascularity
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| What do animal studies show about wound healing with US? | Increased wound healing
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| When energy strikes at a perpendicular angle the reflection is directly ____ to the tissue | Perpendicular
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| When energy strikes a boundary at a non-perpendicular angle the reflection angle is the ______ as the strike angle | Same
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| What is a standing wave and when does it occur? | When reflected wave interacts with waves traveling away from the energy source
Occurs when you don't move the head
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| Definition of attenuation | Measure of the decrease in sound energy as the US travels, either by absorption, reflection, or refraction
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| Which types of tissues absorb US energy the best? | Denser tissues with high protein content
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| How do thermal effects occur during US? | Occur due to friction between molecules
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| Temp increase for metabolic rate | 1 degree C
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| Temp increase to reduce spasm and pain and increase blood flow | 2-3 degrees C
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| Temp increase to increase collagen extensibility | 4 degrees C
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| What is cavitation? | Small gas bubbles present in tissue
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| What part of the body actually have studies that show improvement due to US? | Calcific tendonitis of the shoulder
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| What are deep heat indications for US? | Joint contracture
Scar tissue
Pain
Muscle spasm
Subacute or chronic soft tissue inflammation
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| What are indications for US to facilitate healing? | Acute injury/inflammation of soft tissue or peripheral nerve
Open wounds
Fracture
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| Contraindications of US | Region of pacemaker
During pregnancy (over area)
Over eyes and testes
Region of active bleeding or infection
Region of a tumor or malignancy
Region of DVT
Over heart, stellate or cervical ganglia
Over epiphyseal plates or growing bones
Over spina
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| Precautions of US | Sensation of area being treated
Communication or cognitive deficits
Poor circulation or vascularity
Treatment over plastic or metal implants
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| What is direct contact coupling? | Coupling medium required
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| What is indirect coupling? | Water immersion (1-2cm away)
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| What is phonophoresis? | Use of US to enhance delivery of medication through the skin
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| Mechanisms of phonophoresis | Dilating points of entry (hair follicles, sweat glands)
Increasing local circulation
Increasing kinetic energy of local cells and the medication itself
Increasing cell membrane permeability
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