Organic Compounds
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| Inorganic Compounds | Generally defined as compounds that lack carbon (except CO2 and CO)
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| Organic Compounds | Generally distinguished by the fact that they contain carbon
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| Three facts about organic compounds/compounds that contain carbon? | -Carbon chains are the backbone for many substances in living cells.
-Each compound can be expressly suited for a particular function or structure
-There are four major groups of organic compounds
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| What are the four major groups of organic compounds? | 1)Carbohydrates
2)Lipids
3)Proteins
4)Nucleic Acids
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| 3 Facts about Carbohydrates? | -Hydrophilic
-a source of energy that can be quickly mobilized
-less than 3% of our body weight
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| What are monosaccharides? | the simplest carbohydrates
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| Name the 3 monosaccharides | 1)glucose (blood sugar)
2) fructose (fruit sugar)
3)galactose
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| What do monosaccharides and disaccharides have in common? | they are both "simple sugars" they are both sweet.
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| Isomers | Compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule.
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| What is the formula for all monosaccharides? | C6H12O6
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| Disaccharides | sugars composed of two monosaccharides
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| What are the 3 Disaccharides? | 1)Sucrose (cane sugar)
2)Lactose (milk sugar)
3)Maltose (found in germinating wheat)
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| Polysaccharides | 10 to hundreds of monosaccharides joined together in a straight or branched chain
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| What do Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose have in common? (besides being polysaccharides) | They are not sweet and they are all composed solely of glucose
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| Glycogen | Energy-storage polysaccharide that animals manufacture and store
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| What is glycogen composed of? | Composed of many glucose molecules joined together in a chain
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| Where is glycogen manufactured and stored? | in the liver & muscle
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| How is glycogen produced and why? | After meals (when blood glucose is high), liver cells produce glycogen, so that in between meals it can break glycogen down and draw from it to maintain blood sugar levels
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| Starch | energy-storage polysaccharide that plants manufacture and store
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| How is starch produced and why? | when sunlight and nutrients are readily available, plant cells produce starch, so that it can draw from it when photosynthesis is not possible (i.e. at night, winter)
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| Example of starch; significance to human diet | potatoes; starch is the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet
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| Cellulose | a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to cell walls of plants
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| Three facts about cellulose? | 1)principal component of wood, cotton & paper
2) we can not digest it
3) the most abundant organic compound on earth.
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| Besides being a source of energy (carbohydrates digested to glucose, which is oxidized to ATP), carbohydrates have OTHER functions as well.... | Carbohydrates are often conjugated with (covalently bound to) proteins & lipids
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| Glycolipids | lipids with a carbohydrate attached.
found on the external surface of a cell
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| Glycoproteins | Proteins with a carbohydrate attached.
Major component of mucus.
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| Proteoglycans | 1)Macromolecules that form gels that help hold cells and tissues together
2)lubricate joints
3) Account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage
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| Lipids: 5 facts? | -form essential structural components of all cells
-hydrophobic
-variable in structure
-more calories per gram than carbohydrates
-10-12% of our body weight
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| Triglycerides | "neutral fats"
3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis.
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| Draw a triglyceride? | just draw the glycerol as a rectangle with three fatty acids coming off (looks like the letter E)
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| 2 Facts about triglycerides? | -found in adipose (fat) cells; (provide thermal insulation & shock absorption for vital organs)
-most plentiful lipids in the body
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| Phospholipids | "modified triglycerides"
instead of one fatty acid they have a phosphate group which is linked to other functional groups.
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| Draw a phospholipid? | don't forget polar/hydrophilic head with two nonpolar/hydrophobic tails
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| 2 facts about phospholipids? | -used to make up the cell membrane
-have a polar & nonpolar end (hydrophilic and hydrophobic end)
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| Steroids | Ringed lipids
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| Cholesterol | The most important molecule in our steroid chemistry. It is the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are made.
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| Where does cholesterol come from? | only 15% of cholesterol comes from the diet, the other 85% is internally synthesized.
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| is cholesterol bad for us? | Cholesterol is a natural product of the body and is necessary for human health. It is an important component of cell membranes and is required for proper nervous system function
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| What are the Fat Soluble vitamins? | They are essential for many normal functions. A, D, E, K
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| Vitamin A | eye function
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| Vitamin D | promotes uptake of calcium in the small intestine
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| Vitamin E | wound healing
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| Vitamin K | synthesis of proteins responsible for blood clotting
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| Proteins | Amino acids held together by peptide bonds
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| How many amino acids are there? | There are 20 different amino acids (half we eat = "essential", the rest we manufacture)
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| protein chains? | -Some proteins are just a few amino acids long (i.e. hormones), others are very long chains
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| How proteins are integrated in body | -most abundant organic components of the human body
-roughly 100,000 different types of proteins
-much more complex in structure and function than carbohydrates or lipids
-20% of our body weight
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| Structural role of proteins | Proteins are cellular building blocks
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| Physiological role of proteins | 1)enzymes = "biological catalysts" that speed up reactions in the body
2)Hormones = "chemical regulators" secreted into the bloodstream that change or regulate the body
3)Antibodies = related specifically to immunity
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| Shape of enzymes | Enzymes have to be a very specific shape (that can only be achieved through hydrogen bonding combined with a very specific amino acid sequence).
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| "lock & key" | In almost every case, the function of a protein or enzyme depends on its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule. EX: the enzyme (key) Sucrase can only fit with/"act" on the substrate Sucrose (Lactase breaks down Lactose, Maltase & Maltose
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| Nucleic Acids | polymers of nucleotides
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| Nucleotides | Organic compounds with three principal components:
1)Nitrogenous base
2)a 5-carbon sugar
3)one or more phosphate groups
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| What do nucleotides make up? | Nucleotides make up DNA & RNA. DNA is the largest of the nucleic acids: it is double helix structure of nucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds.
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| the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body is_____ | glycogen
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| the arrangement of a polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape is called its | quaternary structure
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| which of the following functions is more characteristic of carbohydrates than of protein: -contraction -energy storage -catalyzing reactions -immune defense -intercellular comunication | energy storage
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| dietary antioxidants are important because they neutralize _____ | free radicals
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| any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by it is a/an _____. In the human body, _______ serve this function | catalyst, enzymes
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| the suffix ___ denotes a sugar, while the suffix ____ denotes an enzyme | -ose, -ase
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| the amphiphilic lipids of cell membranes are called ____ | phospholipids
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| a substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme is called the enzyme's ____ | substrate
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| a- | not
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| aero- | oxygen
(aerobic)
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| amphi- | both
(amphiphilic)
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| caloro- | heat
(calorie)
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| collo- | glue
(colloid)
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| hydro- | water
(hydrolysis)
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| -mer | part
(polymer)
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| mono- | one
(monomer)
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| oligo- | few
(oligosaccharide)
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| -philic | loving
(hydrophilic)
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