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Organic Compounds
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inorganic Compounds | Generally defined as compounds that lack carbon (except CO2 and CO) |
| Organic Compounds | Generally distinguished by the fact that they contain carbon |
| Three facts about organic compounds/compounds that contain carbon? | -Carbon chains are the backbone for many substances in living cells. -Each compound can be expressly suited for a particular function or structure -There are four major groups of organic compounds |
| What are the four major groups of organic compounds? | 1)Carbohydrates 2)Lipids 3)Proteins 4)Nucleic Acids |
| 3 Facts about Carbohydrates? | -Hydrophilic -a source of energy that can be quickly mobilized -less than 3% of our body weight |
| What are monosaccharides? | the simplest carbohydrates |
| Name the 3 monosaccharides | 1)glucose (blood sugar) 2) fructose (fruit sugar) 3)galactose |
| What do monosaccharides and disaccharides have in common? | they are both "simple sugars" they are both sweet. |
| Isomers | Compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule. |
| What is the formula for all monosaccharides? | C6H12O6 |
| Disaccharides | sugars composed of two monosaccharides |
| What are the 3 Disaccharides? | 1)Sucrose (cane sugar) 2)Lactose (milk sugar) 3)Maltose (found in germinating wheat) |
| Polysaccharides | 10 to hundreds of monosaccharides joined together in a straight or branched chain |
| What do Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose have in common? (besides being polysaccharides) | They are not sweet and they are all composed solely of glucose |
| Glycogen | Energy-storage polysaccharide that animals manufacture and store |
| What is glycogen composed of? | Composed of many glucose molecules joined together in a chain |
| Where is glycogen manufactured and stored? | in the liver & muscle |
| How is glycogen produced and why? | After meals (when blood glucose is high), liver cells produce glycogen, so that in between meals it can break glycogen down and draw from it to maintain blood sugar levels |
| Starch | energy-storage polysaccharide that plants manufacture and store |
| How is starch produced and why? | when sunlight and nutrients are readily available, plant cells produce starch, so that it can draw from it when photosynthesis is not possible (i.e. at night, winter) |
| Example of starch; significance to human diet | potatoes; starch is the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet |
| Cellulose | a structural polysaccharide that gives strength to cell walls of plants |
| Three facts about cellulose? | 1)principal component of wood, cotton & paper 2) we can not digest it 3) the most abundant organic compound on earth. |
| Besides being a source of energy (carbohydrates digested to glucose, which is oxidized to ATP), carbohydrates have OTHER functions as well.... | Carbohydrates are often conjugated with (covalently bound to) proteins & lipids |
| Glycolipids | lipids with a carbohydrate attached. found on the external surface of a cell |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with a carbohydrate attached. Major component of mucus. |
| Proteoglycans | 1)Macromolecules that form gels that help hold cells and tissues together 2)lubricate joints 3) Account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage |
| Lipids: 5 facts? | -form essential structural components of all cells -hydrophobic -variable in structure -more calories per gram than carbohydrates -10-12% of our body weight |
| Triglycerides | "neutral fats" 3 fatty acids bound to a glycerol by dehydration synthesis. |
| Draw a triglyceride? | just draw the glycerol as a rectangle with three fatty acids coming off (looks like the letter E) |
| 2 Facts about triglycerides? | -found in adipose (fat) cells; (provide thermal insulation & shock absorption for vital organs) -most plentiful lipids in the body |
| Phospholipids | "modified triglycerides" instead of one fatty acid they have a phosphate group which is linked to other functional groups. |
| Draw a phospholipid? | don't forget polar/hydrophilic head with two nonpolar/hydrophobic tails |
| 2 facts about phospholipids? | -used to make up the cell membrane -have a polar & nonpolar end (hydrophilic and hydrophobic end) |
| Steroids | Ringed lipids |
| Cholesterol | The most important molecule in our steroid chemistry. It is the "parent" steroid from which the other steroids are made. |
| Where does cholesterol come from? | only 15% of cholesterol comes from the diet, the other 85% is internally synthesized. |
| is cholesterol bad for us? | Cholesterol is a natural product of the body and is necessary for human health. It is an important component of cell membranes and is required for proper nervous system function |
| What are the Fat Soluble vitamins? | They are essential for many normal functions. A, D, E, K |
| Vitamin A | eye function |
| Vitamin D | promotes uptake of calcium in the small intestine |
| Vitamin E | wound healing |
| Vitamin K | synthesis of proteins responsible for blood clotting |
| Proteins | Amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
| How many amino acids are there? | There are 20 different amino acids (half we eat = "essential", the rest we manufacture) |
| protein chains? | -Some proteins are just a few amino acids long (i.e. hormones), others are very long chains |
| How proteins are integrated in body | -most abundant organic components of the human body -roughly 100,000 different types of proteins -much more complex in structure and function than carbohydrates or lipids -20% of our body weight |
| Structural role of proteins | Proteins are cellular building blocks |
| Physiological role of proteins | 1)enzymes = "biological catalysts" that speed up reactions in the body 2)Hormones = "chemical regulators" secreted into the bloodstream that change or regulate the body 3)Antibodies = related specifically to immunity |
| Shape of enzymes | Enzymes have to be a very specific shape (that can only be achieved through hydrogen bonding combined with a very specific amino acid sequence). |
| "lock & key" | In almost every case, the function of a protein or enzyme depends on its ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule. EX: the enzyme (key) Sucrase can only fit with/"act" on the substrate Sucrose (Lactase breaks down Lactose, Maltase & Maltose |
| Nucleic Acids | polymers of nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | Organic compounds with three principal components: 1)Nitrogenous base 2)a 5-carbon sugar 3)one or more phosphate groups |
| What do nucleotides make up? | Nucleotides make up DNA & RNA. DNA is the largest of the nucleic acids: it is double helix structure of nucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds. |
| the only polysaccharide synthesized in the human body is_____ | glycogen |
| the arrangement of a polypeptide into a fibrous or globular shape is called its | quaternary structure |
| which of the following functions is more characteristic of carbohydrates than of protein: -contraction -energy storage -catalyzing reactions -immune defense -intercellular comunication | energy storage |
| dietary antioxidants are important because they neutralize _____ | free radicals |
| any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by it is a/an _____. In the human body, _______ serve this function | catalyst, enzymes |
| the suffix ___ denotes a sugar, while the suffix ____ denotes an enzyme | -ose, -ase |
| the amphiphilic lipids of cell membranes are called ____ | phospholipids |
| a substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme is called the enzyme's ____ | substrate |
| a- | not |
| aero- | oxygen (aerobic) |
| amphi- | both (amphiphilic) |
| caloro- | heat (calorie) |
| collo- | glue (colloid) |
| hydro- | water (hydrolysis) |
| -mer | part (polymer) |
| mono- | one (monomer) |
| oligo- | few (oligosaccharide) |
| -philic | loving (hydrophilic) |
Created by:
kalmetina
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