Exam 1 micro
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| What are metachromatic granules? | inclusions containing inorganic PO4. This is useful in indentifying Corynebacterium species.
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| what are Magnetosomes? | Iron containing psrticles found in a bacterium collected from marine marshes (1975 cape cod, MA) exhibit magnetotaxis.May direct these anaerobic bacteria down toward sediments and areas favorable to growth.
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| What is magnetotaxis? | ability to sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response
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| What are macromolececules? | Proteins,CHO,lipids,nucleic acids (DNA and RNA),consists mostly of carbon.
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| What is Macronutrients? | term means materials that are used to construct new cellular components and required in large amounts.
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| What is micronutrients? | elements required (for growth) in small amounts MG,Fe,Mn,etc.
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| Autotrophs | use inorganic carbon for biosynthesis (assimilation or anabolism) mostly CO2 or CO3-2. Limited almost exclusively to plants and algae.
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| What prokaryotes use autotrophs? |
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| Heterotrophs must use what? What are examples | organic carbon.
CHO,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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| Every naturally occuring organic molecule MAY be used by some bacterial species. What are some examples? | Gasoline,asphalt,crude oil, etc
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| What are examples of synthetic molecules? Can they be used by any form of life on earth? | plastics,styrofoam,etc.
No
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| What organisms are heterotrophs? | Prokaryotes (most bacteria and ALL pathogenic bacteria), Eukaryotes (all animals,fungi,and protozoans.)
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| What are Fastidious Heterotrophs? | can only use very limited type(s) of organic carbon.
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| What are Omnivorous Heterotrophs? | they use a wide variety of organic carbon.
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| Where do Saprobes get organic matter from? What are examples? | dead host
Fungi (saprophyte,saprophytic)
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| Where do Parasitic heterotroph get organic matter from? | living host (EX: humans)
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| Phototrophs convert ______________ into chemical energy. How? | radiant energy
mainly by storing solar energy as reduced carbon compounds.)
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| What is the equation for photosynthesis? What does this? | C02+H20+ sunlight----> C6H12O6+02
Plants,algae,and photosynthetic bacteria are able to do this
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| What are chemotropths use? What can do this? | preformed reduced carbon compounds (formed by phototroph) Animals, fungi,protozoans and nearly ALL bacteria do this.
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| There are ____ bacteria that can use inorganic compounds? | few
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| What are photoautotroph? What does this include? | use sunlight,& CO2 or CO3-2
includes plants,algae,and many photosynthetic bacteria
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| What are photoheterotropths? What does this? | use sunlight and organic carbon
A few cyanobacteria and photosynethetic bacteria do this.
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| What are Chemoautotrophs? What includes this? | use inorganic compounds as energy and carbon sources. This is unique to a very small number of bacterial species.
Energy sources include H2,FE,S,NH4+,or NO2
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| What are Chemoheterotrophs? What includes this? | use organic compounds as energy and carbon sources. Includes all protozoa,fungi,animals,and most bacteria (all pathogenic are like this.)
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| What is minimum growth temperature? | as temperature falls, growh slows and eventually will ease all together. The highest cold temperature at which that happens is the min growth temperature.
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| What is maximum growth temperature? | highest temperature at which growth ceases.
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| Physiological action of temperature on growth | enzyme activity slows with decreasing temperature. Proteins will be denatured at higher temperatures and since all enyzmes of are proteins they are affected.Ribsomes are also affected (probably because that is where proteins are synthesized.)
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| optimum of growth temperature is what? | a narrow range of temperature where growth is maxamized. Varies with different bacterial species.
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| What is psychrophiles? | An organism that thrives at low temperatures.
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| What temperature does psychrophiles grow well at? | 0 to 20 degree c 32 to 68 f
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| Mesophiles are the most common to grow at what temperature | 25-40 c 73-104 f
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| thermophiles like / require high temperature. What is temperature? | 40-80 c 104-176 f
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| In 1983 a archaebacterium was discovered growing / thriving on the floor of where? | ocean 8700 feet near hot water vents. 360 degree c
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| What does a autoclave do? Will it kill archaebacterium? | kill all vegatative cells and spores
NO
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| aerobes require what for growth? What is optmum concentation is what? | Oxygen
20%
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| obligate aerobes will died if 0xygen levels gets ________. | to low
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| Microaerophiles grow best at oxygen below what? | below 20% usually 2-10 %
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| Most tissues are in the 2-10 % therfore many parasites and pathogenic microorganism are what? | Microaerophiles
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| _____ are organisms that do not require oxygen for growth | anaerobes
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| ______ _______ will die if exposed to oxygen. | obligate anaerobes
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| What is facultative aerobe ? what is facultative anaerobe? | Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
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| Aerotolerent can do what? | survive in oxygen but do not use oxygen a terminal hydrogen acceptor
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| Neutrophiles | Opt PH is 7. Most bacteria is in this range.
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| Acidophiles | They grow below 7.
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| Obligate acidophiles reqire PH less than 3 | True
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| Facultative can grow at PH less than 3 but do better between what? | 3 and 6
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| Many fungi are what? | acidophiles
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| Alkaophiles- opt PH for growth is what? | 7-11
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| Sexual reproduction does ____ occur in bacteria | Not
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| Asexual reproduction occurs in a variety of ways. What are they? | Binary fission
Fragmentation
Budding
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| Binary Fission | The organism simply divides into cells by mitosis. The plane of divison is important for bacillus forms, but not coccal forms. Most bacteria reproduce by transverse binary fission. only a few reproduce by longitudinal binary fission
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| Fragmentation | Rare. Some streotomyces do this. They grow long multinucleated filaments that break off and develop into individual cells.
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| Budding | Rare in bacteria. Common in yeast. Forms small spherical growth from one part of cell. The bud seperates and called a daugter cell. The bud or daughter cell always smaller than parent cell.
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| What is an autotroph? | can use inorganic carbon in anabolic metabolism to form organic macromolecules
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| what is a heterotroph | must use organic carbon for anabolism, also obtain energy from organic carbon
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| What is a phototroph | obtains energy from sunlight
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| Mycoplasmatales is a group of bacteria that lacks a _____ ______ | Cell Wall
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| What are L-forms | are bacteria that normally have a cell wall but is lost due to mutations.
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| what are peptidoglycans? | polysaccharide that forms cell wall in the Eubacteria. It is a polymer of N-acetlyglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.
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| Gram + have a ____ layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall. | thick
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| Gram - have a much _____ layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall | thinner
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| Gram - have a _____ _______ composed of 50 % protein and 50% LPS (lipopolysaccharide) | outer membrane
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| LPS acts as an ______________ in some species when ingested by humans | endotoxin
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| What is the lipid portion of LPS that is the toxin? | Lipid A
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| The cell wall of archaebacteria is formed from different substances than __________? | peptidoglycan
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| PILI are what? | hollow,rigid, bristle-like structures that extend from the cell wall of GRAM - bacteria ONLY
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| How can pili be seen? | electron micrographs
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| How are pili used? | attachment (host cells,objects,and in a type of sexual activity called conjugation)
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| Cell walls do not occur in _______ or ________. | protoza or animalia
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| What forms the cell wall of algae and plantae? | cellulose
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| What makes of the cell wall of fungi? | Chitin
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| what is the most prevalent macromolecule on earth? | cellulose
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| What is the second most prevalent macromolecule? | Chitin (because of fungi and insects)
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| Cell membrane is what? | flexible LIVING outer covering of ALL cells
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| Membranes are __________ __________ with various protein embedded | phospholipid bilayers.
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| membranes are ________ ____________. Concept of surface to volume ratio | selectively permeable
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