| Question | Answer |
| awareness of internal and external stimuli | Consciousness |
| Device the monitiors electrical activity of the brain over time by means of electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp | Electroencephalograph:EEG |
| 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species | Circadian Rhythms |
| records muscular activity and tension | Electromyograph: EMG |
| records eye movements | Electrooculograph: EOG |
| records the contractions of the heart | Electrocardiograph: EKG |
| Sleep stages 3 and 4 during which low frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings | Slow-wave sleep |
| deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movement, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming. PARADOX | REM sleep |
| sleep stages 1 through 4, absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied EEG activity | Non-REM sleep: NREM |
| chronic problems in getting adequate sleep | Insomnia |
| disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal walking periods | Narcolepsy |
| frequent, reflexive grasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep | Sleep apnea |
| a person rises and wonders about while remaining asleep | Somnambulism: sleep walking |
| the plot of a dream at surface level | Manifest content |
| hidden or disguised meaning of the events in a plot | Latent content |
| forming a memory code | encoding |
| maintaining encoded information in memory over time | Storage |
| recovering information from memory stores | Retrieval |
| Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events | Attention |
| deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes | Levels-of-processing Theory |
| linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding | Elaboration |
| memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall | Dual-coding theory |
| Preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second | Sensory Memory |
| limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds | Short-term memory: STM |
| Process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information | rehearsal |
| group of familiar stimuli, stored as a single unit | chunk |
| unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time | Long-term memory: LTM |
| unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events | Flashbulb memories |
| organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event | Schema |
| nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts | semantic network |
| cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks | Connectionist/Parallel distributed processing models: PDP |
| temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach | tip-of-the tongue phenomenon |
| process of making inferences about the origins of memories | source monitoring |
| when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source | Source Monitoring error |
| consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words EX:BAF, XOF, VIR, MEQ | Nonsense syllables |
| graphs retention and forgetting over time | forgetting curve |
| proportion of material retained (remembered) | Retention |
| requires participants to reproduce information on the own without any cues | recall measure |
| requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options | Recognition Measure |
| requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before | Relearning Measure |
| forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time | Decay theory |
| people forget information because of competition from other material | Interference Theory |
| new information impairs the retention of previously learned information | Retroactive interference |
| Previously learned information impairs the retention of new information( PRE AND PRO) | Proactive interference |
| the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code | Encoding Specificity |
| Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious | Repression |
| a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury (old-retro) | Retrograde Amnesia |
| a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury | Anterograde Amnesia |
| hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory | Consolidation |
| long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway | Long-term potentiation: LTP |
| the formation of new neurons | Neurogenesis |
| handles factual information | Declarative Memory |
| houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses,and emotional memories | Nondeclarative Memory system |
| made up of chronological or temporally dated recollections of personal experiences | Episodic memory |
| general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information is learned | Semantic Memory System |
| remembering to perform actions in the future | Prospective Memory |
| remembering events from the past or previously learned information | Retrospective Memory |
| structural encoding( physical structure-letters, numbers, caps) | LOP: Shallow |
| phonemic(rhymes with) | LOP: Intermediate |
| Semantic(meaning-used word in a sentence) | LOP:Deep |
| 19th century scholar invented nonsense syllables and showed that forgetting occurs very rapidly | Herman Ebbinghaus |
| expert on short-term memory is famous for paper titled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" | George Miller |
| researchers developed an influential information-processing model of memory that described three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory | Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin |
| declarative memory should be subdivided into episodic memory and semantic memory | Endel Tulving |
| a four-component of model of working memory | Alan Baddeley |
| researched devised levels-of-processing theory, which proposes the deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memories | Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart |
| misinformation effect and conducted extensive research on repressed memories | Elizabeth Loftus |
| described the process of source monitoring and the significance of source-monitoring errors | Marcia Johnson |
| Working with sea slugs, won a nobel prize for demonstrating that alterations in synaptic transmission contribute to memory formation | Eric Kandel |
| normal waking thought, alert problem solving | Beta |
| deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation | Alpha |
| light sleep | Theta |
| deep sleep | Delta |
| Paradox: normal waking thought, alert problem solving in deep sleep | REM sleep |
