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EMBALMING

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Created by: Zach Crawford

Question	Answer
the final words of one who is dying	Articulo Mortis
the death of a whole organism; the breakdown of all intra body coordination.	Somatic Death Two Types: 1) Clinical Death 2) Biological Death
a phase of somatic death lasting from 5-6 minutes in which life may be restored	Clinical Death
irreversible somatic death	Biological Death
the death of the individual cells of the body - Follows the stages of somatic death	Cellular Death
Stages of Cellular Death:	1) Hypoxia 2) Molecular 3) Necrobiosis 4) Necrosis
reduction of oxygen to the body	Hypoxia
molecular decomposition begins ______	after hypoxia
antemortem, physiological death of the cells of the body foloowed by their replacement	Necrobiosis
pathological death of a tissue still apart of the living organism	Necrosis
The tripod of Life includes:	Brain, Lungs, Heart
death beginning with the lungs. Insufficient intake of oxygen resulting from any of the numerous causes	Asphyxia
death beginning at the brain	Coma
death beginning at the heart	Syncope
changes occur in the location or physical form or state of the body chemical while not actually changing the chemical composition	PM Physical Change
PM Physical Changes:	1) Algor Mortis 2) Liver Mortis 3) Hypostasis
PM cooling of the body to the surrounding temperature	Algor Mortis
postmortem, intravascular, red-blue discoloration resulting from hypostasis of blood	Liver Mortis/Cadaveric Lividity
settling of blood and/or other fluids to dependent portions of the body (gravity taking effect)	Hypostasis (Agonal, Antemortem & Postmortem)
changes occuring in the identity of a body chemical and it becomes another chemical. Examples: body proteins decomposing into simpler portein chains	PM Chemical Change
separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes	Decomposition
bacteria that derive their nutrition from dead organic matter	Saprophytic Bacteria
decomposition of sugars	Saccharolysis
decomposition of fats	Lipolysis
self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance	Autolysis
The order of decomposition:	1) Organs 2) Tissues 3) Body Compounds
Order of Organ Decompositon:	1) Begins: Larynx and Trachea 2) Ends: blood vessels and non-pregnant uterus
Order of tissue decomposition:	1) Liquid Tissues - blood and lymph nodes 2) Soft Tissues - the parenchyma of organs 3) Firm Tissues - muscles and the stroma of the organs 4) Hard Tissues: cartilage and bone
Order of body compounds decomposition:	1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Fats 4) Firm proteins 5) Bones and teeth enamel
a compound of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxyl alcohol.	Carbohydrates
Examples of carbohydrates:	Sugars Starches Glycogen
organic compound found in plants and animals; can be broken down into amino acids	Proteins
a common name for a triglyceride ester that is a semisolid or solid at room temperature and contains a high percentage of fats	Fats
tendons and ligaments	Firm proteins
Signs of decomposition	1) Color 2) Odor 3) Purge 4)Desquamation (skin slip) 5) Gas Collection
Color (decomposition)	green skin on skin; esp in lower right quadrant. Starts small and then spreads to the rib cage
postmortem evacuation of any substance from an external orifice of the body as a result of pressure	Purge
sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a seperation of the eperdermis from the underlying dermis	Desquamation (skin slip)
occurs in the cavities and tissues, first found in the hollow organs, like in abdominal distention	Gas collection
Ensures that all funeral home employess are protected from harmful chemicals	OSHA - Employee Benefit
- Provides information on all hazardous materials for all employees at all times - Failure to do so could result in a penalty up to $10,000	Hazard Chemical Standard
Employer Requirements of OSHA	MSDS
- must create and maintain for any solution with 1% or more of any hazardous chemical and any solution with .01% or more ofa carcinogen present. - Must be readily available for anyone who comes into contact with these chemicals	MSDS
Required information on MSDS:	1) Name of manufacturer 2) Hazardous chemicals within it 3) Problems arising from exposure 4) Type of protection required for safe handling 5) Proper clean up procedure 6) Proper disposal procedure
Says that: - Each container: must be properly labeled with chemical name and all safety information - Employer: must check each product as it comes in for storage to make sure it is properly labeled. If not, return - Tranferred fluids: properly labeled	Hazardous material compliance program
testing the prep room for HCHO fumes	Formaldehyde (HCHO) Monitoring
an evaluation of exposures over an established period. Allows exposure levels to be averaged generally over an 8 hr time period	Time & Weight Average (TWA)
the maximum legal limits established by OSHA for regulated substances. These are based on employee exposure that is time-weighted over an 8 hour period of time - When these limits are exceeded, employers must take proper steps to reduce exposure	Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
The PEL for HCHO is:	0.75 ppm
legal limits established by OSHA to which workers can be exposed continously for a short period of time without damage or injury - Expsure at this level should not be for more than 15 minutes and not repeated more than four times per work day	Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
STEL for HCHO is:	2 ppm, 4 times per day, in an 8 hour working day
these levels are established to ensure adequate protection of employees below the OSHA, but to minimize the compliance burdens for employers whose employees have exposures below the 8 hour permissible exposure (PEL)	Action Level (AL Exposure Limits)
Action level for HCHO is	0.5 ppm
Casper's Law - lots of variable in this law to change results like temperature, humidity, or how alkaline or acidic the soil/water is	regarding the speed of decompositon
Air vs. Water vs. Soil is:	1:2:8
law of grave pressure	Taphonomy
decomposition of proteins	Proteolysis Two types: 1) Putrefaction 2) Decay
decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic	Putrefaction
decomposition of proteins by enzymes of aerobic bacteria	Decay
decomposition of fats	Lipolysis
the reaction between a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the slat of a fatty acid (soap); - process of soap formation - the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy waxy substance called adipocere or grave wax	Saponifcation
a wax-like material produced by saponifcation of body fat in a body buried in alkaline soil	Adipocere (Grave Wax)
self-desruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance	Autolysis
Purpose of Embalming:	1) Disinfection 2) Temporary Preservation 3) Restoration
the destruction and/or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body	Disinfection (Primary Purpose)
the science of treating the body chemically so as to temporarily inhibit decomposition	Temporary Preservation (Secondary Purpose)
treatments of the deceased in the attempt to recreate natural form and color	Restoration (Third Purpose)
Stages of Disinfection:	1) Primary disinfection 2) Concurrent disinfection 3) Terminal disinfection
disinfection carried out prior to the embalming process	Primary Disinfection
disinfection practices carried out during the embalming process	Concurrent Disinfection
institution of disinfection and decontamination measures after the preparation of the remains	Terminal Disinfection
postmortem stiffening of the body muscles by natural body processes	Rigor Mortis
Three stages of Rigor Mortis:	1) Primary Flaccidity - all muscles relax immediately after death 2) Onset of Rigor - shortening, thickening, and stiffening of all body muscles for a variable time of duration 3) Secondary Flaccidity
a currant jelly-like clot that clots rapidly containing all the elements of the blood - retains plasma and doesn't usualy stick in arteries or veins	Cruor Clot
clot occuring when white cells seperate and clump together and sometimes form on top of teh cruor clots	Chicken Fat Clot
worst clot for embalming - will stick in arteries and veins - formed from the fiber of the blood especially likes clotting in the right atrium	White Fiber Clot
Anatomical guide: medial border of the sternocleido mastoid muscle (SCM) lateral to the trachea Linear Guide: imaginary line from sterno-clavicular articulation to lobe of ear	Common Carotid
Anatomical Limit: begins at a point behind sterno-clavicular articulation and ends at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)	Right Common Carotid
Anatomical Limit: begins at the level of the second costal cartilage at highest point of aortic arch, extends to superior border of thyroid cartilage	Left Common Carotid (longer than right)
Incision sites: 1) Supra clavicular (standard) - above the clavicle - along the superior margin of the medial 1/3 of clavicle. Starts approx 1/2" lateral to articulation, incision be 2" 2) Parallel: posterior border of SCM, along post 1/3 of SCM	Common Carotid
- rarely used because of its ease to blow the face and incision is visible	Facial Artery
Incision Site: along the posterior 1/3 of the inferior margin of the mandible, just anterior to the angle of the jaw	Facial Artery
Anatomical Guide: artery lies just behind the medial border of the coracobrachialis Anatomical Limit: begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib and extends to the inferior border of the teres major	Axillary Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn through the center of the base of the axillary space parallel to the long axis of the upper extremity when abducted Site of Incision: along the anterior margin of hairline	Axillary Artery
Anatomical Guide: lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of biceps-brachii muscle - located under the biceps Anatomical Limit: begins at the inferior border of tendon of teres major - extends to a point just inferior to the antecubital fossa	Brachial Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn from the center of the base of the axillary space to the center of the forearm - just below the antecubital fossa Site of incision: along linear guide in middle 1/3 of arm - 1 -2" below inferior border of axillary space	Brachial Artery
Anatomical Guide: just lateral to tendon of flexor carpi-radialis muscle Anatomical Limit: begins just inferior to antecubital fossa to palm of hand	Radial Artery
Linear Guide: drawn on anterior surface of forearm from center of antecubital fossa to center of base of index finger Incision site: just lateral to tendor of the flexor carpi-radialis muscle - just superior to the wrist	Radial Artery
Anatomical Guide: just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi-ulnaris muscle and between digitorum superficialis Anatomical Limits: just inferior to the antecubital fossa to the palm of the hand	Ulnar Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn on the anterior surface of the forearm from the center of the antecubital fossa to a point between the 4th and 5th finger Incision Site: along the linear guide, just proximal to the wrist	Ulnar Artery
Anatomical Guide: clavicle - just inferior and posterior to clavicle Site of incision: along the inferior border of the lateral 1/3 of clavicle	Subclavian Artery
Anatomical limit: begins at a point behind sterno-clavicular articulation and extends to the lateral border of the 1st rib	Right Subclavian
Anatomical limit: begins at the level fo the 2nd costal cartilage and extends to lateral border of 1st rib	Left Subclavian (longer than R)
Anatomical Guide: superior medial border of the psoas major muscle - close to lower part of spine - used only in autopsied cases when organs are gone	Common Illiac
Anatomical Guide: inferior medial border of psoas major muscle Anatomical Limit: begins opposite sacroiliac snychondrosis (middle of pubic bone) and ends beneath the center of the inguinal ligament	External Illiac
Linear Guide: line drawn from Superior Anterior Iliac Spine to pubic symphasis - path of inguinal ligament	External Illiac
Anatomical Guide: center of femoral (Scarpa's) triangle bounded laterally by the Sartorius and medially by adductor longus muscle	Femoral Artery
Anatomical Limit: begins at a point in the center of the inguinal (Poupart's) ligament and ends at opening of the adductor magnus muscle; the opening is called the adductor hiatus	Femoral Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn on the anterior surface of the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament ot the center point on the medial condyle of the femur Site of Incision: along the linear guide, 1/3 the distance of medial side of thigh	Femoral Artery
Anatomical Guide: back of knee, no muscle covering Anatomical Limit: beings at the openin of the adductor magnus and ends at the inferior border of the popliteus muscle - short - back of knee	Popliteal Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn through center of the popliteal space parallel to the long axis of the leg Site of Incision: longitudinal incision of the postero-medial aspect of the thigh, just superior to the Popliteal space	Popliteal Artery
Anatomical Guide: anterior and lateral edge of tibia Anatomical Limit: begins at the inferior border of the popliteus muscle and ends in from of the ankle joint	Anterior Tibial Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn from the lateral border of the patella to the tibia, superior to the ankle joint Site of Incision: along the lateral margin of the lower 1/3 of the crest of the tibia, superior to the ankle joint	Anterior Tibial Artery
Anatomical Guide: groove or space behind and below inner malleolus (medial to the ankle joint) Anatomical Limit: begins at inferior border of popliteus muscle and ends beneath orgin of abductor hallucis of lower leg	Posterior Tibial Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn from center of popliteal space to a point midway between the medial malleolus and the calcaneus tendon Site of Incison: along the linear guide betwen medial malleolus-calcaneus tendon (Achille's tendon)	Posterior Tibial Artery
Anatomical Guide: groove or space between tendons of the extensor hallucis muscle and extensor digitorum muscle	Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Linear Guide: line drawn from the center of the anterior surface of the ankle join to a point midway between the big toe and adjacent toe Incision Site: in the webbing between the two toe bones in the feet	Dorsalis Pedis Artery
concentration of aterial fluid diluted appropriately with water or other solvent to form arterial solution	Primary Dilution
dilution of already diluted arterial solution by fluids of the body, not under the embalmers control	Secondary Dilution
Embalming formula:	C x V = C' x V'
Strenth of index of concentrated fluid	C
volume in ounces of concentrated fluid (in the bottle)	V
strength desired when diluted in soluted = %	C'
total volume of fluid (number of ounces) when mixed together	V'
a standard amount of formaldehyde gas measured in grams and dissolved in 100ml of water	Index
movement of embalming solution from point of injection throughout arterial, capillary and venous portions of blood vascular system giving rise to fluid diffusion	Fluid Distribution
passage of some of the elements of injected embalming solution fom an intravascular to an extra-vascular portion - passage through the capillary wall and then into the cell walls	Fluid Diffusion
Four Types of Diffusion:	1) Pressure Filtration 2) Osmosis 3) Dialysis 4) Gravity Filtration
arterial solution passage through the capillary walls due to positive intra-vascular pressure; pushing fluid through the capillary walls	Pressure Filtration
internal tissue building with the water component - passage of a solvent through a semi-permiable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution - solvent passes from lower density concentration to higher	Osmosis
lower density than body tissues, used for dehydrating tissue	Hypotonic solution
more density than body tissues, used for rehydrating tissues	Hypertonic soultion
seperation of differing substances in solution due to differing diffusability through semi-permeable membranes	Dialysis
similar to pressure filtration, gravity pulls on liquid and forces it through the capillaries	Gravity Filtration
the amount or volume of embalming sultion injected over time - expressed in ounces per minute - speed at which fluid is entering the body	Rate of flow
Reasons for blood removal:	1) Slows decomposition 2) Make room for embalming fluids 3) Disinfection 4) cut down on secondary dilution
Blood Drainage/Injection Techniques:	1) Restricted 2) Concurrent 3) Assisted
Trocar Guides for Aspiration (four sections)	- umbilicus is at the center of the four quadrants 1) Left upper/lower quadrant 2) Right upper/lower quadrant
Trocar Guides for Aspiration (9 Region Planes)	1) Superior: R/L Hypochondriac, center epigastric 2) Medial: R/L Lateral/Lumber, center umbilical 3) Inferior: R/L Inguinal/iliac, center hypogastric/pubic
1) Capillaries to the Venioles and veins 2) Hypostasis 3) Seperation 4) Edema 5) Clotting 6) Blood composition	Post Mortem Blood Movement
- capillaries constrict and blood moves	Capillaries to the Venioles and Veins
Loss of color is result of:	Pallor
- weight of blood pooling to form livor mortis	Hypostasis
- plasma filtration - solid parts of blood settle from fluid parts	Seperation
- plasma goes into surrounding tissues, inter-cellular spaces - post morten stain as a purple/reddish discoloration of the skin	Edema
Clotting	- of the remaining cellular material: Chicken Fat Clot - local congestion as increase of the volume o blood in one area of the body; cruor and white fibrous clots
Blood Composition	- only 5% of blood is in the body - 85% in capillaries - 10% in veins 45% are solids 55% is water
1) slow down - PM decomp 2) make room -for fluid to diffuse into system 3) disifection - rid bloodborne pathogens 4) cut down - secondary dilution 5) discoloration - flush out w/ good distribution 6) pH neutral 7) remove fluid 7) interstitial, emph	Reasons for blood drainage
Prime reason for blood drainage	Make room for embalming fluid to diffuse into vascular system
Source of Drainage	Veins
drains above the heart	Internal Jugular
drains below the heart	Femoral vein
Heart Tap: - Location: - Dangerious - may hit the aorta - Trocar: gets clogged	Right atrium
It is recommended to delay drainage because you won't see drainage immediately because:	- must go through arteries and capillaries first
Technique for proper drainage	1) Chemical addition 2) Mechanical Methods
Technique for proper drainage in which: Use an anti-coagulant to break down clots for proper fluid movement - at least 2-6 oz for each gallon of arterial	Chemical Addition
1) alternate drainage 2) intermittent 3) concurrent/continous 4) assisted	Mechanical methods of techniquest for proper drainage
- Most efficient - Inject/drain/inject/drain/inject/drain seperately - build back pressure	Alternate Drainage
- close vein, begin injecting - after 3-4 mins continue to inject and open vein - build back pressure - continuous injection	Intermittent Drainage
Alternate & Intermittent drainage are both classified as:	Restricted drainage
- Least effective, but most popular - constant injection/constant drainage - no back pressure	Concurrent/Continous drainage
- use of anticoagulants and also massaging - pressure; pressure on sternum - preinjecting; flush venous system with capillary wash - use of hot and cold compresses; mechanical vibrator; blocks; vibrating table	Assisted drainage
direct treatment other than by arterial injection of the contents of the body cavity and lumina of the hollow viscera - normally throuh aspiration and gravity injection	Cavity Treatment
1) Tissue in viscera is different than muscle - fascia and skin - need stronger fluid for cavity 2) clotting in the viscera and arterial area of viscera 3) need direct contact - arterial fluid doesn't reach	Purpose of Cavity Treatment
condition in which gaseous products of putrefaction and fermentation appear in the skeletal tissues of the body - In the lving body it is gas gangrene - In the dead body: 1) appear in dependent tissues of body 2) congestion of blood 3) can "wander"	Tissue Gas
"rice-krispies" feel of skin, AKA - tissue gas in skin layer - solid cell distended with gas in between - sound of gas displacement; spongy feel with distenition	Crepitation
process of loss of posture post mortem	Excessive dehydration
extreme loss of moisture in body	Desiccation
1) hemorrhage 2) febrile disease 3) high or chronic fever 4) chronic or exhausting disease that interfere with hydration 5) any disease with peristent vomiting or prolonged diarrhea 6) burns	Predisposing conditions to dehydration (ante mortem)
Post-mortem dehydration is caused by:	refrigeration
Embalming procedure for dehydrated body:	1) slow injection - slow ROF of large volume of mild fluid 2) restrict - drainage 3)Pulsator - accepts more fluid 4) Chemically - pre-injection; anti-coagulant as co-injection 5) massage cream - as coating
too much body fluid - big problem today - abnormal accumulation of plasma like fluid in the cells inter-cellular tissue spaces and in teh cavities of the body	Edema
1) Elevate the extremities 2) massage limps 3) use of elastic bandages for constant pressure 4) electric spatula - on face, takes a long time 5) hypo to puncture face and squeeze water out 6) abdominal drain 7) direct pressure	Embalming technique for Edema cases
Elastic bandages should never be used on the:	Face or hands
post-mortem evacuation of any substance from any external opening of a dead body - can occur before or after embalming - pressure caused by hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane gas - increase in bacteria and certain causes of death	Purge
- common in disease of the gastro-intestinal tract such as stomach cancer, colitis, peritonitis, ulcerations, intestinal obstructions	Stomach purge
Caused by diseases of tuberculos, pneumonia, lung cancer	Lung purge
caused by encephalitis, menigitis - often seen from natural orifices: nose, mouth, ears, anus	Brain purge
Types of purge	1) Stomach - liquid/semi-liquid, coffee grounds, odor 2) Lung - white color, frothy texture, odorless 3) Brain - white color, creamy and sticky, odorless 4) Fluid - body's rejection of fluid, same color as injected fluid
Purge occurs due to:	- internal pressure (gas) - edema (liquid) accumulation - caused by a rupture in the system
Treatment of purge should begin:	as soon as it occurs - allow purge to continue - protect skin from acidic burns, treat purge after arterial injection - must begin at the suspected source - eliminate the decomp
Methods of treating purge:	- Cavity treatment, cranial aspiration, penetrating the cribriform flate of the ethmoid bone work! - Ligating/sever trachea - DOES NOTHING!
build up of calcium on the inside of arteries	Arteriosclerosis
blockage in the arteries reducing oxygen	Stenosis
fatty degeneration and infiltration of fatty compounds into the arteries - softens the arteries	Atheroma
- large and twisted vens that cause the veins to bulge - give veins a bluish color, most notible in the legs	Verices / Vericose Veins
a rupture in an artery	Hemorrhage
the condition in which we form thrombi or clots	Thrombosis/Clotting
a freely moveable wandering clot that could get wedged in an artery	Embolus
a bulge in an artery that if it busts could be fatal	Aneurism
any fetus that dies prior to delivery	stillborn
A fetal DC is needed when:	- at least 20 weekds gestation - if one of multiple children is born dead
less than 5.5 lbs at birth, or prior to 37th week of gestation	Preterm
live birth to 18 months	Infant
18 to 48 months	Toddler
4 yrs and older to puberty	Child
Arterial tubes in embalming an infant:	- no more than 1/16 and 1/8 in diameter
Infants have more primary or secondary dilution?	Secondary
Should you use a pe-injection fluid when embalming an infant?	NO
What kind of embalming fluids should be used in the embalming of an infant?	Same as an adult, do not over dilute - Humectant - to buffer with a lower amt of water
How should the body of an infant be placed on the embalming table?	Head block of rolled up towel with body at foot end of table
What method of mouth closure is used with infants?	Musculature Suture, mouth left open slightly with massage cream on lips
What vessels are used in the embalming of an unautopsied infant?	- Common carotid, horizontal 1/2" incision in wrinkle of neck - suture with dental floss sized ligature
yellow discoloration due to a backup of the color Bilirubin in the tissues	Jaundice AKA - Incterus
Jaundice causes an obstruction of:	liver, bile duct, gall bladder
1) Hepatitis - A, B, C 2) Cirrhosis 3) Fatty degeneration of liver 4) liver cancer 5) local abscess of liver 6) Malaria 7) Angio cholestis 8) Cholelithiasis	Obstructive Diseases associated with Jaundice
degeneration of the liver	Cirrhosis
formation of gall stones	Cholelithiasis
1) Septicima 2) Febrile 3) Ruptured tubal pregnancy 4) Hemorrhages 5) lobar pneumonia 6) infusion of wrong blood type 7) arsenic poisoining 8) envenomation	Hemolytic (blood borne) Diseases associated with Jaundice
bacteria that multiplies in the blood	Septicemia
pregnancy which ruptured in the fallopian tubes	Ruptured tubal pregnancy
snake bite	Envenomation
Eye whites of Jaundice case	- usually red or yellow in color
Bilirubin with oxygen yields	Biliverdin
- low formaldehyde content, or glutaraldehyde with reducing agents or bleaching agents or counter staining agents - low index (cosmetic type)	Special purpose fluid for Jaundice
- use of both carotids - inject head with milder fluid and body with stronger fluid - restricted cervical incsion	Procedure for embalming a Jaundice case
Drainage techniques for Jaundice	- can use open or continuous because there is generally not good drainage and you want to get rid of as much blood as quickly as possible - use of capillary wash, except in edema or septicemia cases
Lots of soap and water is used with a Jaundice case in order to:	wash off the Bilirubin that comes out of the pores
Fluorescent light in regards to a Jaundice case will:	help take off yellow color overnight
During the wake of a Jaundice case, the best colored lights to use would be:	rose colored lights
Types of radiation:	1) Alpha 2) Beta 3) Gamma
does not penetrate internal organs	Alpha
high speed electrons, bounces off most things, does not penetrate	Beta
will pass through the body and cause changes, can be deadly	Gamma
Sources of Radiation:	1) Medical - implants 2) Exposure
Cobalt 60 Iodine 131 Gold 198 Strontium 89	betta and gamma
Phosphorus32	beta
Radium 226	Alpha, Beta, Gamma
the amount of radioactive material or isoptope in which 37 million atoms disintegrate in one second	Millicurie mc
determines how much radiation in the body at the institution	Radiation Control Officer
Danger to the embalmer is above ______ for both posted and non posted cases	30 mc
Autopsied body radiation dangers	Danger: 5-30 under 5 to be without danger
Non-autopsied body radiation dangers	30 mc or under is OK
Added protection when dealing with a radiation case:	1) 2 pairs of gloves 2) heavy apron 3) universal precautions
every ____ feet of distance, the danger is less in regards to a radiation case	3
calcium, iron, magnesium which cause blood coagulation all lead to	Hard Water
In waterless embalming, use:	1) co-injection fluids 2) water conditioners
- Body weighing 160lbs, recent, no complications	Ideal case for waterless embalming
The procedure for performing waterless embalming on an ideal case is:	- 2 bottles of 18% fluid - 8 bottles wter conditioner - 8 bottles of anticoagulant = 1.5% More firm - use more arterial
The procedure for performing waterless embalmin on a more difficult case:	- 4 bottles of 18%, plus 8 plus 8 = 3.5%
The procedure for performing waterless embalming on the most difficult case: - dead several days and refrigerated	27% index 6 bottles - 6 conditioner; 6 anticoagulant = 9% C'
The procedure for performing waterless embalming on an emaciated difficult case:	666 combination w/ 2 bottles of humectant, at end adding more humectant
destroys both good and bad cancer cells	Cytotoxic
makes vessels and bone fragile	Antimetabolite
Cancer Chemotherapy will:	1) is Cytotoxic 2) is Antimetobolite 3) leads to jaundice and dehydration
Required OSHA PPE	*PPE provided by employer at no cost 1) Face mask 2) Eye and face protection 3) Gown 4) Gloves 5) shoe and head coves
Employer must explain to the employee:	the blood borne pathogens, HIV HBC HEP C, Syphilis and CJD
poisonous substance absorbed from the outside - snake bite, handling a partially decomposed body	Sapremia
- poisonous blood - bacteria or virus invading the body - chemical poison from inside the body ex. tetanus, diptheria, botulism - can live anywhere in the body	Toxemia
bacteria living in blood, not multiplying	Bacteremia
bacteria multiplying in blood	Septiciemia
pus forming blood, very fatal	Pyemia
- Use of bichloride of mercury 1/1000 disinfectant - early, slow embalming - use of both carotids - 2-3% to head, 5% rest - no pre-injection - rid lividity - tissue gas possibility - anitcoagulant and alcohol germicide - glutaraldehyde disinfectan	Procedure for embalming a Septicemia case