| Question | Answer |
| During middle and late childhood, children increasingly describe self with __________ characteristics rather than physical. | Psychological. |
| After age ____, kids begin to compare themselves to others. | 7. |
| Self Esteem vs. Self Concept. | Self-Esteem: Global evaluations of the self (self-worth or self-image).
Self-Concept: Evaluations in specific domains (academic, athletics, creative). |
| What is self-efficacy? | Belief one can master situation and produce favorable results. |
| What is self-regulation? | Ability to manage oneself. |
| Who are two people we've studied who can be considered constructivist? | -Piaget: Change schema, so you can build new knowledge.
-Vygotsky: Knowledge available through social interaction. |
| What is the observer effect? | Changes that the act of observation will make on the phenomenon being observed. |
| What does constructivism in the class look like? | 1.) Embed tasks complex learning environments, authentic tasks.
2.) Teacher as facilitator.
3.) Social negotiation and shared responsibility.
4.) Multiple representation of content. |
| When students only have one example, they ______ and make mistakes. | Overgeneralize. |
| What is identity moratorium? | Self-discovery, exploration, experimentation.
-Temporary suspension of commitment to any specific identity. |
| What is identity achievement? | An individual finding their true self. |
| What is identity diffusion? | Individual lacks clear and coherent understanding of their own identity. |
| What is identity foreclosure? | Individual's premature commitment to an identity without exploring potential alternatives. |
| What is positive reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement? | Positive Reinforcement: Addition of a positive outcome to strengthen behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Removal of a negative outcome to strengthen a behavior. |
| What is positive punishment?
What is negative punishment? | Positive Punishment: Taking away a desired stimulus to weaken a behavior.
Negative Punishment: Applying an undesirable stimulus to weaken a behavior. |
