| Question | Answer |
| Properties of Life | Order, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Adaptation, Growth, Homeostasis, and Energy Processing |
| AMMO | Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles |
| CTOOO | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms |
| PCEB | Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
| Induction | small to large |
| Deduction | Large to small |
| Scientific inquiry for knowledge's sake | Basic science |
| Scientific inquiry to problem solve | applied science |
| a basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions | atom |
| the study of life | biology |
| a collection of all ecosystems on Earth | biosphere |
| the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things | cell |
| a set of populations inhabiting a particular area | community |
| a part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment | control |
| a form of science that aims to observe, explore, and find
things out | descriptive science |
| all living things in a particular area together with the abiotic,
nonliving parts of that | ecosystem |
| an organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound
organelles | eukaryote |
| the process of gradual change in a population that can also lead
to new species arising from | evolution |
| a form of science that begins with a specific
explanation that is then tested | hypothesis-based science |
| a field of science, such as biology, that studies living things | life science |
| a large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller
molecules | macromolecule |
| a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together
by a chemical bond | molecule |
| a field of science that studies the physical world, its
phenomena, and processes | natural science |
| a structure formed of tissues operating together to perform a common function | organ |
| the higher level of organization that consists of functionally
related organs | organ system |
| a membrane-bound compartment or sac within a cell | organelle |
| an individual living entity | organism |
| a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among
biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both | phylogenetic tree |
| - a field of science, such as astronomy, physics, and
chemistry, that studies nonliving matter | physical science |
| all individuals within a species living within a specific area | population |
| a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other
membrane-bound organelle | prokaryote |
| a description, often in the form of a mathematical formula, for
the behavior of some | scientific law |
| a group of similar cells carrying out the same function | tissue |
| a part of an experiment that can vary or change | variable |
| The outermost shell of an element wants 8 electrons | octet rule |
| Properties of water | Cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, capilliary action |
| Water interactions | polar, stabilizes temperature, solvent |
| Carbon in life | structural backbone, carbon bonding, chain and rings |
| Amino acids on organism | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary protein structures |
| Four major types of biological molecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Proteins |
| a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH | Acid |
| the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a
different substance | Adhesion |
| a monomer of a protein | amino acid |
| a negative ion formed by gaining electrons | anion |
| a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pH | Base |
| a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing
hydrogen or hydroxide ions | buffer |
| a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to
hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; serve as energy sources and structural support in cells | carbohydrate |
| a positive ion formed by losing electrons | cation |
| a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and
provides structural support to the cell | cellulose |
| a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungi | chitin |
| the intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; creats surface tension | cohesion |
| a type of strong bond between two or more of the same or
different elements; forms | covalent bond |
| the loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in
temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals | denaturation |
| a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides that
carries the hereditary information of the cell | DNA |
| two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycodsidic bond | disaccharide |
| a catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or
conjugated protein | enzyme |
| a storage carbohydrate in animals | glycogen |
| a weak bond between partially positively charged hydrogen
atoms and partially negatively charged elements or molecules | hydrogen bond |
| describes a substance that dissolves in water; water-loving | hydrophilic |
| describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water
fearing | hydrophobic |
| a chemical bond that forms between ions of opposite charges | ionic bond |
| one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of
neutrons | isotope |
| a class of macromolecules that are nonpolar and insoluble in water | lipids |
| a large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller
monomers | macromolecule |
| single unit or monomer of carbohydrates | monosaccharide |
| a type of covalent bond that forms between atoms
when electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in no regions with partial charges as in polar covalent bonds | nonpolar covalent bond |
| a monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| a major constituent of the membranes of cells; composed of
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol backbone | phospholipid |
| a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds | polypeptide |
| a long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or
unbranched | polysaccharide |
| an isotope that spontaneously emits particles or energy
to form a more stable element | radioactive isotope |
| a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is
involved in protein synthesis | RNA |
| a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in
the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized | saturated fatty acid |
| a storage carbohydrate in plants | starch |
| a type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings | steroid |
| a fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol
molecule hydrocarbon chain | triglyceride |
| a long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more than
one double bonds in the | unsaturated fatty acid |
| a weak attraction or interaction between
molecules caused by slightly positively charged or slightly negatively charged atoms | van der Waals interaction |
| All living things composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, all cells arise from cells | cell theory |
| Regulates passage of substances in order to preserve internal
conditions of the cell | plasma membrane |
| internal contents of the cell, sight of metabolic reactions | cytoplastm |
| protein fibers that help to maintain the shape of the cell | cytoskeleton |
| long hairlike structure used for cell mobility | flagella |
| short, hair like structures that cover entire surface of plasma
membrane in certain areas, move substances along outer surface of cell | cilla |
| interacts with endomembrane organelles | endomembrane system |
| site of ribosome subunit assembly, houses DNA | Nucleus |
| series of interconnected membranous tubules | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| synthesize proteins undergoes modification | RER |
| synthesizes carbs, lipids, steroid hormones, detoxes | SER |
| flattened membranous sacs, sorts, tags, packages and
distributes lipids and proteins | Golgi Apparatus |
| Components in plasma membrane that are dynamic in position | phospholipids,proteins and carbohydrates |
| Naturally occurring passage of materials not requiring energy because on concentration gradient- the tendency of chemicals to migrate from low to high concentration | passive transport |
| the method of transporting material that requires energy | active transport |
| a rigid cell covering made of cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in
bacteria, non-peptidoglycan compounds in Archaea, and chitin in fungi that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell | cell wall |
| a large plant cell organelle that acts as a storage
compartment, water reservoir, and site if macromolecule degradation | cental vacuole |
| a plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis | chloroplast |
| protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes' building
material | chromatin |
| structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that
contains DNA, the hereditary material | chromosome |
| the gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are
suspended | cytosol |
| a linkage between adjacent epithelial cells that forms when
cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments | desmosome |
| a passive process of transport of low-molecular weight material
down its concentration gradient | diffusion |
| a gradient produced by the combined forces of the
electrical gradient and the chemical gradient | electrochemical gradient |
| a type of active transport that moves substances, including
fluids and particles, into a cell | endocytosis |
| the group of organelles and membranes in
eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins | endomembrane system |
| a process of passing material out of a cell | exocytosis |
| the material, primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and
proteoglycans, secreted from animal cells that holds cells together as a tissue, allows cells to communicate
with each other, andprovides mechanical protection and anchoring for cells in the tissue | extracellular matrix |
| a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins | facilitated transport |
| a model of the structure of the plasma membrane as a
mosaic of components, including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and glycolipids, resulting in a fluid rather than static character | fluid mosaic model |
| describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has higher
osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell | hypertonic |
| describes a solution in which extracellular fluid has lower
osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell | hypotonic |
| describes a solution in which the extracellular fluid has the same
osmolarity as the fluid inside the cell | isotonic |
| an organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s
digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles | Lysosome |
| production of ATP | Mitochondria |
| the double-membrane structure that constitutes the
outermost portion of the nucleus | nuclear envelope |
| the darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosomal subunits | nucleolus |
| the total amount of substances dissolved in a specific amount of
solution | osmolarity |
| the transport of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water | osmosis |
| a process that takes particulate matter like macromolecules,
cells, or cell fragments that the cell needs from the extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis | phacocytosis |
| a process that takes solutes that the cell needs from the
extracellular fluid; a variation of endocytosis | pinocytosis |
| a cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis | ribosome |
| a membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, that
functions in cellular storage and transport | vacuole |
| Total energy in a closed system is neither lost or gained
Entropy constantly increases in a closed system | thermodynamics |
| the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and
coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin) | acetyl CoA |
| the cell’s energy currency | ATP |
| describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken
down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction | Catabolic |
| the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical
gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP | Chemiosmosis |
| a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests
energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane | electron transport chain |
| describes a chemical reaction that results in products that store
more chemical potential energy | endergonic |
| the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via
glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron
acceptor | fermentation |
| the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules
with the production of ATP and NADH | glycosis |
| all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including
those that use energy and those that release energy | metabolism |
| the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons
down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules | oxidative phosphorylation |
| a molecule on which the enzyme acts | substrate |
| the science of the relationships between heat, energy, and
work | thermodynamics |
| the specific pattern of absorption for a substance that
absorbs electromagnetic radiation | absorption spectrum |
| the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules | Calvin cycle |
| the process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic
compounds | carbon fixation |
| the first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is
absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH) | light-dependent reaction |
| the middle layer of cells in a leaf | mesophyll |
| an organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules
(storing energy), using the energy of light | photoautotroph |
| a distinct quantity or “packet” of light energy | photon |
| a group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are
used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy | photosystem |
| the opening that regulates gas exchange and water regulation
between leaves and the environment | stoma |
| a disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in the membrane’s wavelength- the distance between consecutive points of a wave | thylakoid |
| the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. | photosynthesis |
