| Question | Answer |
| Genetic engineering, such as gene cloning and genome editing, is a type of ______ that can be used to change an organism or make desired biological products. | Biotechnology |
| Scientists modify the genes of organisms using processes that are collectively referred to as ______. | genetic engineering |
| Select all of the following that are reasons why a scientist may want to clone a gene? | to learn how the gene codes for a protein
to use the gene for gene therapy
to produce large quantities of the gene's protein product |
| A segment of DNA containing genes from both mice and humans would be called ____________ DNA. | Recombinant |
| An accessory ring of DNA in bacteria, often used as a vector in gene cloning, is a(n) | plasmid |
| When humans use biological systems to produce a product, like insulin, they are using ______. | Biotechnology |
| The enzyme that seals DNA into an opening created by restriction enzymes is called DNA _______ | ligase |
| A bacterial genome may be modified using genetic ______ such that the organism produces a product that is useful to humans. | engineering |
| Restriction enzymes are used to | cleave the vector DNA |
| Biologists may choose to clone in order to produce large quantities of a product, such as insulin, or to use their clones to create a GMO. | genes |
| The type of DNA that contains DNA from two or more different sources is called ______ DNA. | Recombinant |
| How can DNA sequencing be applied? | as the foundation of the field of forensic biology
development of disease-specific medications and treatments
contributes to understanding evolution
identification of specific alleles associated with disease |
| Which terms are associated with the term plasmid? | bacterial DNA, vector |
| What is the purpose of DNA sequencing? | It determines the exact sequence of nucleotides in a gene or piece of DNA. |
| This enzyme is used during recombinant DNA production to seal openings created by restriction enzymes. | DNA ligase |
| DNA sequencing methods usually involve dyes or radioactive tracers attached to each of the four ______ during DNA replication, and the results are then analyzed. | Nucleotides |
| Enzymes used to cleave DNA at specific points during recombinant DNA production are called
enzymes. | Restriction |
| Polymerase chain reactions can create billions of segments of ______ in a test tube in just a few hours. | DNA |
| DNA sequencing allows for researches to identify specific _____
that are associated with diseases, which allows for development of targeted medicines and treatments. | alleles |
| Select the three basic steps that occur during the polymerase chain reaction. | annealing
extension
denaturation |
| The technique used to analyze DNA fragments, whereby an electrical current is used to force DNA through a porous material, is called | gel electrophoresis |
| Select all practical applications of DNA fingerprinting. | Identify the presence of a viral gene
Identify criminals
Identify poached wildlife
Identify human remains |
| The technique that uses DNA polymerase with heating/cooling cycles to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called | the polymerase chain reaction |
| Select all of the following applications of using CRISPR. | CRISPR can be used to cause a break in a gene, inactivating it, and allowing researchers to study its role in the body.
CRISPR can be used to target specific genes and replace mutated nucleotides with correct ones. |
| If a bacterium expresses a cloned gene, it is referred to as a(n) _______bacterium. | transgenic |
| Arrange the steps in the polymerase chain reaction in order of occurrence, beginning with the first step at the top. | 1. DNA denaturation
2. DNA hybridization with primers
3. DNA extension by DNA polymerase |
| Along with bacteria, _________ are being engineered to produce human proteins and antibodies as well as being engineered to be pest and herbicide resistant. | plants |
| Gel electrophoresis is used to study fragments of _______, which separate according to their sizes on the gel. | DNA |
| Drugs to treat which of the following may soon be available as a result of gene pharming? | cystic fibrosis
blood diseases
cancer |
| DNA fingerprinting is used for | paternity testing.
identifying microorganisms.
detecting genetic diseases.
tracing lineage of organisms.
crime scene investigations. |
| The main use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is to | edit genes in their locations on the chromosome. |
| The treatment of genetic disorders through the insertion of genetic materials into cells is called gene ______ | Therapy |
| What are some of the uses of genetically modified plants? | reduced food waste
stronger crops
increased crop yield
production of human proteins |
| Using farm animals, researchers have plans for the development of drugs for the treatment of cancer, blood diseases, and cystic fibrosis by gene __________ | pharming |
| Viruses, liposomes, and direct injections are techniques used to introduce a normal _______
into an individual who has a certain disease or genetic condition. | gene |
| The insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic disorder is called | gene therapy |
| Arrange the events of ex vivo gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), beginning with the first step at the top. | 1. bone marrow is removed from the patient's body
2. bone marrow cells are injected with a virus carrying a corrected gene
3. bone marrow cells are injected into the patient
4. normal bone marrow cells dived to produce normal blood cells. |
| There is interest in injecting p53, a tumor suppressing gene, into cancer cells in order to | bring about apoptosis, or cell death, selectively. |
| Which of the following may be used in order to introduce a gene into a cell? | direct injection
liposomes
genetically modified viruses |
| RNA __________
occurs when a small piece of RNA is used to silence the expression of an allele. | Interference |
| Genomics is the | study of the complete genetic sequences of organisms. |
| A tumor suppressing gene known as p53 is being investigated as a type of gene therapy for cancer treatment based upon this gene's ability to bring about _________ in cells | Apoptosis |
| True or false: The sequence of the human genome is now known. | true |
| Proteomics is the study of all of the | proteins of a species. |
| A gene's final product can be either the three types of RNA or a(n) | protein |
| Bioinformatics uses _____
technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic information. | Computer |
| Select all of the following that are direct applications of bioinformatics. | discovering the interplay of genes and proteins in our cells
determining the function of genes
comparison of our genome to model organisms |
| A genetic profile of an individual shows mutations in their | genome |
| The study of the complete collection of proteins produced by an organism is called
. | proteomics |
| The field of study that relies heavily on computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic data is called | Bioinformatics |
| Mapping genes on chromosomes, knowing how cells and proteins interact, and comparing our genome to model organisms have all been enhanced because of using the computer-based science referred to as
. | Bioinformatics |
| An individual's genetic Blank______, which is established via DNA microarray, shows their genome, including mutations. | profile |
