| Term | Definition |
| psychology | |
| history of psychology | psychology has only existed as a science for just a little over 100 years |
| phrenology | read people's personality traits by reading bumps on the head |
| psychiatrist | deals with specific psychological disturbances
medical doctors-went to med school
prescribe drugs/medication
trained for preventing more serious cases |
| psychologist | deals with all sub-fields within psychology
does NOT hold a medical degree-not licensed to practice medicine
usually holds a PhD |
| sports | works with athletes to help with motivation, performance anxiety, etc. |
| health | nutritionist
works on the total well being of the person
effects of stress |
| experimental | works primarily in a lab with animals |
| developmental | research behavior change occurring across a life span (birth-old age)
can work for toy companies |
| forensic | studies abnormal behavior
will work on personality profiles (patterns of behavior) of criminals
industrial (organization) |
| social | study who we influence and interact with one another
(conformity, prejudice, aggression, altruism) |
| engineering | efficiency expert
improve worker productivity
study consumer behavior |
| educational | works with the processes of learning (teacher training)
guidance counselors
school psychologists |
| structuralism | Wilhelm Wundt established the first formal psychological lab in Germany
analyzed conscious process into basic elements: sensations, images, feelings and how are these elements connected
primary method used introspection-looking within |
| functionalism | 1st American School of Psychology led by William James
it's the study of the mind as it functions in adapting the organism to its environment
tried to provide objective descriptions of behavior
G. Stanley Hall-1st to receive a doctorate in psychology |
| psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud
focused on the development and treatment of abnormal behavior
believed that unconscious mental forces direct our everyday behavior |
| behaviorism | John Watson started the ___________ movement from the findings of Ivan Pavlov; psychology should study only what could be observed and measured objectively; behavior is determined by the environment, we are a product of learned responses |
| humanism | Carl Rogers
behavior is a reflection of internal growth
every individual has the need to be self-actualized |
| cognitive | compares the human mind to a computer
we are information processors; product of various internal sentences and thoughts
MEMORIES |
| population | a finite or infinite collection of items under consideration |
| sample | a portion drawn from a population
study results estimates attributes of the whole population |
| subjects | a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with |
| naturalistic | observe and record behavior of organisms in natural environment
adv: normal behavior, unaware they are being watched
disadv: incorrect interpretation |
| observation | observe and record behavior under controlled conditions (experimental/laboratory setting)
adv: researchers can be objective, accurate information (usually)
disadv: artificial setting |
| case study | get into the background of the subject by asking questions of family, friends, home life, neighborhood, school, etc.
adv: detailed info, shed light on present behavior
disadv: reports can be biased, subject reports may not be honest |
| survey/questionaire | gathering information on feelings, opinions, and behavior patterns
adv: can be amazingly accurate
disadv: sample may not be representative of the population |
| measures | |
| repeated measures | |
| matched pairs | |
| experiment | |
| hypothesis | tentative assumption
"if, then" statements
ALWAYS states VARIABLES |
| variables | independent and dependent |
| dependent variable | quantifiable reaction the participants have to the independent variable
behavior is getting measured
EFFECT in that cause-effect chain |
| independent variable | variable in the experiment that is changed or manipulated
CAUSE in the cause-effect chain |
| experimental group | people undergoing the condition (IV) under study |
| control group | condition (IV) is not present |
| ethics/APA | American Psychological Association |
| guidelines | consent, deception, debriefing/informed consent, withdrawal, confidentiality/privacy, protection, giving advice to participants, monitoring colleagues |
