| Experiment | things to remember |
| Constant velocity of a metal rider on an air track | *level air track so rider travels with constant velocity
*attach card of length l
*record time card breaks light gate for t
*calculate velocity using v=l/t |
| Measure constant acceleration of a rider on an air track | *attach card of length l
*connect newtons to rider
*measure t1 on first light gate and t2 on the second
*record distance s between two light gates
*calculate acceleration by v^2=u^2+2as i.e: a=v^2-u^2/2s |
| Measure 'g' acceleration due to gravity using free fall apparatus and a scalar timer
*GRAPH | *measure distance s from bottom of ball to vibration plate
*measure range of values for t and pick smallest
*use variation of s=ut+1/2at^2: a=g and u=0, g=2s/t^2
*g= 2(slope of graph) |
| To show that a∝f
*GRAPH | *all but one newtons on rider, other one on pan connected, move one each time
*record:
:length of card l
:times t1 and t2
:the distance between the light gates s
:the mass of the newtons on the pan m
*u=l/t1 and v=l/t2
*a=v^2-u^2/2s
*f=m(kg)x9.8 |
| Verify the principle of conservation of momentum | *one light gate before second rider
*one light gate after second rider
*record mass of rider&card and other rider (m1 & m2)
*u1=l/t1 u2=0
*v1=v2=l/t2
*m1u1 + m2u2 = v(m1+m2) |
| To verify Boyle's law i.e. p∝1/v
*GRAPH | *Boyle's Law apparatus
*pump air into inlet of oil reservoir until pressure is at max
*wait for temp to settle
*record
:volume of air column
:pressure reading from gauge
*increase the pressure
*record range of values |
| The Laws of equilibrium for a set of co-planar forces | *find weight of metre stick (mg)
*use string to find centre of gravity and record point
*hang weights and suspend from newton spring balances
*adjust until horizontal equilibrium
*get sum of clockwise and anticlockwise moments (=0)
*resultant force=0 |
| Relationship between period and length & calculate 'g'
*GRAPH | *length as long as possible
*swing: with angle<5° :in one plane only
*record :length l :the time T for 50 oscillations *dec. length and record range
*calculate :T1 time for 1 oscillation and T^2
:l/T^2, all values should be approx. same
g=4π^2(l/T^2) |
| Plot the calibration curve of a themometer
*GRAPH | *ungraduated thermometer
*mercury thermometer
*place both thermometers in :ice :vaious temps of heating water :boiling water
*record temp. against length |
| Measure the Specific Heat Capacity of water: Electrical Method | *find mass of calorimeter mc and mass of water mw
*measure temp. of cold water & calorimeter Θ1
*switch on joulmeter and current and allow temp. rise of 15°C
*record reading on joulmeter Q and highest temp. reached Θ2
*use E=(mcΔΘ)w+(mcΔΘ)c |
| Measure Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice | *crush and dry ice (0°C)Θi-ice
*get mass of calorimeter mc & water mw
*heat water 5°C above room temp. Θi-water
*add ice stir, temp. to 5°C below room temp.Θf
*mass of all after
*(mcΔΘ)i+(ml)i=(mcΔΘ)w+(mcΔΘ)c
*find l |
| Measure Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation of Water | *mass of calorimeter mc & water mw
*cool water 5°C below room temp. Θi
*generate steam with steam trap
*heat to 5°C above room temp. Θf
*get new mass of all after
*use (mcΔΘ)s+(ml)s=(mcΔΘ)w+(mcΔΘ)c
*find l |
| The Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
*GRAPH | *non symmetrical letter (object)
*get approx. focal length
*make sure object distance>approx. focal length
*get sharpest image on screen
*get: distance u and v
*repeat with range of u
*formula: 1/f=1/u+1/v
*find f |
| To Verify Snell's Law and hence measure the refractive index of glass.
*GRAPH | *two pins mark incident ray
*method of no parallax 2 pins on opposite side (emergent ray)
*mark: around block, rays in & out, normal.
*join incident and emergent ray to get refracted ray
*protractor: measure angle of i and r
*find sini/sinr of range |
| Refractive index of a liquid by measuring real and apparent depth | *fill beaker to top, pin at bottom
*other pin in retord stand
*line up image in mirror and pin in water
*back of mirror to pin in retord stand = apparent depth
*back mirror to bottom of beaker = real depth
*refractive index=real/apparent |
| Focal length of a convex lens
*GRAPH | *same as concave mirror |
| Measure the wavelength of Monochromatic light | *laser 90° to wall(metre stick) and diffraction grating
*n=0 at 50cm mark
*measure distance from n=0 to n=1, n=2 & n=3
*use trig TanΘ=o/a to find Θ for each n value
*formula: nλ=dSinΘ to figure out λ(wavelength)
*d=1/x÷1000 when x is in mm |
| Investigate the variation of the fundamental frequency of a stretched string with length
f∝1/l
*GRAPH | *sonometer length as long as possible
*tension constant value: when lowest frequency causes resonance
*strike next highest tuning fork and adjust length until resonance occurs
*get range of values: f, l & 1/l
*all values of fxl should be approx same |
| Investigate the variation of the fundamental frequency of a stretched string with tension f∝√T
*GRAPH | *length about 1/3 of max length- keep constant
*use lowest frequency tuning fork and adjust tension until resonance occurs
*record range of values for tension and frequency |
| To measure the Speed of Sound in air using a Resonance tube.
*GRAPH | *using fork of highest frequency, adjust length until loudest sound occurs
*record length l (top of water to top of tube) and frequency f
*Repeat with different frequencies
*Measure internal diameter of resonance tube fix to 0 error
*c=4f(l+0.3d) |
| Demonstrate Ohm's Law
*GRAPH | *circuit with rheostat, power supply, coil of wire, voltmeter & ammeter
*by varying rheostat, current and p.d are varied
*measure a series of values for I and corresponding V
*I∝V |
| Verify Joule's Law: Change in temp. due to a current ∝ I^2 (ΔΘ∝I^2)
*GRAPH | *circuit: power supply ammeter rheostat heating coil
*known volume of water:calorimeter
*current of 0.5A & start clock
*note time passed
*turn off, stir and note highest temp. reached
*repeat with larger I values
*all ΔΘ/I^2 values should be equal |
| To measure resistivity of the material of a wire | *check micrometer for 0 error & note
*measure diameter: a few points, correct & get average
*ensure wire is straight & clamp to metre stick
*switch on ohmmeter & connect probes
*allow for resistance of leads
*resistance between 2 points
*ρ=Rπd^2/4l |
| Investigate the variation of the resistance of a Metallic Conductor with temperature
*GRAPH | *coil of wire to ohmmeter note resistance
*boiling tube of glycerol, note temp (also temp. of coil)
*measure approx. resistance of coil
*measure resistance of leads (subtract)
*fill beaker with cold water
*for each 10°C rise record resistance &temp. |
| Investigate the variation of Resistance of a thermistor with temperature
*GRAPH | *thermistor to ohmmeter note resistance
boiling tube of glycerol, note temp. (also temp. of thermistor)
*measure approx. resistance of thermistor
*heat
*for every 10°C rise, record temp. and resistance |
| Investigate variation of current (I) with p.d (V) :Metallic Conductor :Filament Bulb :Copper Electrodes :Semi-conductor | *D.C power supply
*Ammeter
*Rheostat
*Voltmeter
*Adjust rheostat and begin with small p.d
*Measure and record p.d (v) and current (I)
*Repeat and increase p.d. and record range of values
**semi-conductor forward: milli-out, reverse: micro-in |
